Sections of virology General virology studies the basic principles of the structure and reproduction of viruses, their interaction with the host cell, the origin and spread of viruses in nature. One of the most important branches of general virology is molecular virology, which studies the structure and functions of viral nucleic acids, mechanisms of viral gene expression, the nature of organisms’ resistance to viral diseases, and the molecular evolution of viruses. Private virology - studies the characteristics of certain groups of human, animal and plant viruses and develops measures to combat the diseases caused by these viruses. Molecular virology is one of the most important branches of general virology, studying the structure and functions of viral nucleic acids, mechanisms of viral gene expression, the nature of organisms’ resistance to viral diseases, and the molecular evolution of viruses.

Discovery of viruses The existence of a virus (as a new type of pathogen) was first proven in 1892 by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky. After many years of research into diseases of tobacco plants, in a work dated 1892, D. I. Ivanovsky comes to the conclusion that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by “bacteria passing through the Chamberlant filter, which, however, are not able to grow on artificial substrates.” Based on these data, criteria were determined by which pathogens were classified as this group. new group: filterability through “bacterial” filters, inability to grow on artificial media, reproduction of the disease picture with a filtrate free of bacteria and fungi. The causative agent of mosaic disease is called by D.I. Ivanovsky in different ways, the term virus had not yet been introduced, allegorically they were called either “filterable bacteria” or simply “microorganisms”)

Five years later, while studying diseases of cattle, namely foot and mouth disease, a similar filterable microorganism was isolated. And in 1898, when reproducing the experiments of D. Ivanovsky by the Dutch botanist M. Beijerinck, he called such microorganisms “filterable viruses.” In abbreviated form, this name came to mean this group microorganisms. Five years later, while studying diseases of cattle, namely foot and mouth disease, a similar filterable microorganism was isolated. And in 1898, when reproducing the experiments of D. Ivanovsky by the Dutch botanist M. Beijerinck, he called such microorganisms “filterable viruses.” In abbreviated form, this name began to denote this group of microorganisms. In 1901 the first viral disease human - yellow fever. This discovery was made by the American military surgeon W. Reed and his colleagues. In 1911, Francis Rous proved the viral nature of cancer - Rous sarcoma (only in 1966, 55 years later, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery

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Virology – the science of viruses Anna Fedorenko

Virology is a branch of microbiology that studies viruses (from the Latin word virus - poison).

The existence of a virus (as a new type of pathogen) was first proven in 1892 by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky. After many years of research into diseases of tobacco plants, in a work dated 1892, D. I. Ivanovsky comes to the conclusion that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by “bacteria passing through the Chamberlant filter, which, however, are not able to grow on artificial substrates.” Based on these data, the criteria by which pathogens were classified into this new group were determined

Five years later, while studying diseases of cattle, namely foot and mouth disease, a similar filterable microorganism was isolated. And in 1898, when reproducing the experiments of D. Ivanovsky by the Dutch botanist M. Beijerinck, he called such microorganisms “filterable viruses.” In abbreviated form, this name began to denote this group of microorganisms.

In 1901, the first human viral disease was discovered - yellow fever. This discovery was made by the American military surgeon W. Reed and his colleagues

In 1911, Francis Rous proved the viral nature of cancer - Rous sarcoma (only in 196, 55 years later, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery).

Branches of Virology General Virology General Virology studies the basic principles of the structure and reproduction of viruses, their interaction with the host cell, the origin and distribution of viruses in nature. One of the most important branches of general virology is molecular virology, which studies the structure and functions of viral nucleic acids, mechanisms of viral gene expression, the nature of organisms’ resistance to viral diseases, and the molecular evolution of viruses.

Private virology Private virology studies the characteristics of certain groups of human, animal and plant viruses and develops measures to combat the diseases caused by these viruses.

Molecular virology In 1962, virologists from many countries gathered at a symposium in the USA to summarize the first results of the development of molecular virology. At this symposium, terms that were not entirely familiar to virologists were used: virion architecture, nucleocapsids, capsomeres. A new period in the development of virology began - the period of molecular virology.

Since the late 50s, when a synthetic field of knowledge began to take shape, lying on the border of the inanimate and the living and engaged in the study of the living, the methods of molecular biology poured into virology in an abundant stream. These methods, based on the biophysics and biochemistry of living things, made it possible to quickly study the structure, chemical composition and reproduction of viruses.

If in the 60s the main attention of virologists was fixed on the characteristics of viral nucleic acids and proteins, then by the beginning of the 80s the complete structure of many viral genes and genomes was deciphered and not only the amino acid sequence was established, but also the tertiary spatial structure of such complex proteins , as a glycoprotein of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Currently, it is possible not only to associate changes in the antigenic determinants of the influenza virus with the replacement of amino acids in them, but also to calculate past, present and future changes in these antigens.

Since 1974, a new branch of biotechnology and a new branch of molecular biology - genetic or genetic engineering - began to develop rapidly. She was immediately assigned to the service of virology.

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Branches of Virology General virology studies the basic principles of the structure and reproduction of viruses, their interaction with the host cell, the origin and distribution of viruses in nature. One of the most important sections of general virology is molecular virology, which studies the structure and functions of viral nucleic acids, the mechanisms of expression of viral genes, the nature of the resistance of organisms to viral diseases, the molecular evolution of viruses. Particular virology - studies the characteristics of certain groups of human, animal and plant viruses and develops measures combating diseases caused by these viruses. Molecular virology is one of the most important branches of general virology, studying the structure and functions of viral nucleic acids, mechanisms of viral gene expression, the nature of organisms’ resistance to viral diseases, and the molecular evolution of viruses.

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Discovery of viruses The existence of a virus (as a new type of pathogen) was first proven in 1892 by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky. After many years of research into diseases of tobacco plants, in a work dated 1892, D. I. Ivanovsky comes to the conclusion that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by “bacteria passing through the Chamberlant filter, which, however, are not able to grow on artificial substrates.” Based on these data, the criteria were determined by which pathogens were classified into this new group: filterability through “bacterial” filters, inability to grow on artificial media, and reproduction of the disease picture with a filtrate free of bacteria and fungi. The causative agent of mosaic disease is called by D.I. Ivanovsky in different ways, the term virus had not yet been introduced, allegorically they were called either “filterable bacteria” or simply “microorganisms”)

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Five years later, while studying diseases of cattle, namely foot and mouth disease, a similar filterable microorganism was isolated. And in 1898, when reproducing the experiments of D. Ivanovsky by the Dutch botanist M. Beijerinck, he called such microorganisms “filterable viruses.” In abbreviated form, this name began to denote this group of microorganisms. In 1901, the first human viral disease was discovered - yellow fever. This discovery was made by the American military surgeon W. Reed and his colleagues. In 1911, Francis Rous proved the viral nature of cancer - Rous sarcoma (only in 1966, 55 years later, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery

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