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The system unit contains: power supply - a device that converts the AC voltage of the mains into a DC voltage of different polarity and magnitude, necessary to power the motherboard and internal devices. The power supply contains a fan that circulates air to cool the system unit. system board (motherboard); backbone (system bus); processor; sound card; video card (graphic card); hard disk drives; floppy disk drives; optical, magneto-optical and other drives; drive CD-ROM, DVD-ROM;

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Motherboard, processor, RAM The motherboard is the main part of the system unit, to which all devices of the system unit are connected. Through the motherboard, the devices of the system unit communicate with each other, exchange information, and supply electricity. The faster the buses (device communication channels) of the motherboard, the faster the devices communicate with each other, the faster the computer works. The processor, the brain of the system unit, performs logical operations. The speed of the computer and its entire architecture largely depend on its speed and frequency. RAM is memory for temporary storage of data in a computer, it is used only when the computer is running. The speed of the computer depends on the amount and speed of RAM.

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Hard disk, video card A hard disk is used for long-term storage of information, it contains programs necessary for the operation of a computer (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and user files (Mail files, if a mail client is used, video, music, pictures.). Video card - a board inside the system unit, designed to connect the system unit and the monitor, transmits the image to the monitor and takes over part of the calculations for preparing the image for the monitor. Image quality depends on the video card. The video card has its own built-in RAM and its own image processing processor. The higher the frequency of the processor of the video card and the more memory of the video card, the more cool (later released) games you can play on your computer.

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Sound card, network card, CD/DVD-ROM Sound card - designed to prepare sound signals reproduced by speakers. A sound card is usually built into the motherboard, but it can also be structurally separated and connected via a bus. A network card is a board, device, installed on the motherboard or built into it. A network card is used to connect a computer to other computers via a local network or to connect to the Internet. CD / DVD-ROM - a device for reading / writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. These devices differ in the speed of reading or writing information, as well as the ability to read / write various media. It's hard to find anything other than omnivorous CD-ROMs on the market these days. Modern CD-ROMs are capable of reading and writing both CDs and DVDs of various sizes.

Computer types
CPU
Internal memory and its characteristics
Cache
Drives and controllers
System unit ports

The existence of different types of computers is determined by the difference in the tasks for which they are intended. Over time, new types of tasks appear, which leads to the emergence of new types of computers. Therefore, the above division is very conditional.

Portable computers are several variants of mobile devices that can operate on autonomous power. Notebook PCs have the same components as regular desktop PCs. Portable PCs include laptops, netbooks, tablets, PDAs, iPads.

A microprocessor is a miniature computer. In addition to the processing unit, it contains a control unit and even memory. This means that the microprocessor is able to autonomously perform all the necessary actions with information. Many components of a modern personal computer contain a miniature computer within them. Microprocessors have also become widespread in production, where control can be reduced to issuing a limited sequence of commands.

A personal computer is a computer designed for use by a single user. The price, dimensions and capabilities of such a computer must satisfy the user's needs. Designed as a computing machine, the computer is increasingly used as a means of access to information networks and as a platform for computer games.

Supercomputers are a special type of computers created to solve extremely complex computational problems (making forecasts, modeling complex phenomena, processing super-large amounts of information). The principle of operation of a supercomputer is that it is capable of performing several operations in parallel.

The processor is the main microcircuit of the computer, its "brain". It executes the program code in memory and manages the operation of all computer devices. The higher the speed of the processor, the higher the speed of the computer. The processor has special cells called registers. It is in the registers that the instructions that are executed by the processor are placed, as well as the data that the instructions operate on. The processor's job is to select commands and data from memory in a certain sequence for their subsequent execution.

During operation, the processor reads a sequence of instructions contained in memory and executes them. Such a sequence of instructions is called a program and represents an algorithm for the useful operation of the processor. The order of reading commands changes if the processor reads a jump command - then the address of the next command may be different. Another example of a process change would be when a stop command is received, or when it switches to a hardware interrupt.

It is intended for temporary storage of executable programs and data processed by these programs. This is volatile memory. Physically implemented in RAM modules (random access memory) of various types. When the power is turned off, all information in the RAM disappears.

The amount of information stored in RAM is from 32 to 512 MB or more. Entering information into memory and retrieving it is done at addresses. Each byte of the OP has its own individual address (sequence number). Address is a number that identifies memory locations (registers). OP consists of a large number of cells, each of which stores a certain amount of information. The OP is directly connected to the processor. The capabilities of a PC largely depend on the amount of OP.

A disk drive is a necessary peripheral. As a peripheral, it requires an interface card. This card is called the drive controller card. In the most general case, this card does not create any problems. If they do happen, you need to know how to detect and identify them.

A little bit of dirt is enough to cause a failure on both the floppy disk and the drive. Drives require speed adjustments, alignment, and head cleaning. Adjusting the speed and cleaning the heads are relatively easy. Head alignment requires special equipment and is not always cost effective, but this will be discussed later.

In addition to alignment, there is also the issue of device compatibility. There are currently two types of drives: 3.5" and 5.25"; there are also "floptical" (floptical) devices that allow you to store about 100 M of information on one disk with a diameter of 3.5 ".

If you're building a new computer, you'll most likely need one 3.5" floppy drive, as most new software is distributed on these floppy disks. The hard drive article goes into detail about maintaining floppy drives.

Port- usually a connection (physical or logical) through which data is received and sent in computers.

The most common name for a port is:

Hardware port- a specialized connector in a computer designed to connect equipment of a certain type. See: LPT Port, Serial Port, USB Port, Game Port.

I/O port- used in microprocessors (for example, Intel) and microcontrollers (for example, PIC, AVR) when communicating with hardware. An I/O port is associated with a device and allows programs to access it for communication.

network port- parameter of TCP and UDP protocols.

System unit device

Senin V.V.

The system unit The system unit is the most important unit of the computer. All other blocks, called external or peripheral devices, are connected to it. The system unit contains the main electronic components of the computer. The PC is built on the basis of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits), and almost all of them are located inside the system unit, on special boards. The most important board in a computer is the motherboard. It contains the central processing unit, random access memory (RAM) and connectors for connecting external devices. Power Supply The power supply is a device required to power the system board and internal devices. The power supply contains a fan that circulates air to cool the system unit. Hard Disk A hard disk is a type of permanent storage. Unlike RAM, data stored on a hard drive is not lost when the computer is turned off. This ability allows you to remove a hard drive from one computer and insert it into another. Motherboard The motherboard is a complex of various devices supporting the operation of the system as a whole. Mandatory attributes of the motherboard are the base processor, RAM, keyboard controller, expansion connectors. Processor The central processing unit is the main working component of a computer that performs arithmetic and logical operations specified by the program, controls the computing process and coordinates the work of all computer devices. The central processing unit generally contains:

arithmetic-logical unit;
data buses and address buses;
registers;
command counters;
cache - very fast small memory (from 8 to 512 KB);

Video card A video card is an electronic card that processes video data (text and graphics) and controls the operation of the display. Contains video memory and I/O registers. Sends beam brightness control signals and image sweep signals to the display. Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) is a fast storage device that is not very large in size, directly connected to the processor and designed to write, read and store executable programs and data processed by these programs. RAM is used only for temporary storage of data and programs, because when the computer is turned off, everything that was in RAM is lost. Sound card A sound card is a device that converts sound from analog to digital. To input sound information, a microphone is used, which is connected to the input of the sound card. The sound card also has the ability to synthesize sound (its memory stores the sounds of various musical instruments that it can play).

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Computer types

Portable computers are several variants of mobile devices that can operate on autonomous power. Notebook PCs have the same components as regular desktop PCs. Portable PCs include laptops, netbooks, tablets, PDAs, iPads.
A microprocessor is a miniature computer. In addition to the processing unit, it contains a control unit and even memory. This means that the microprocessor is able to autonomously perform all the necessary actions with information. Many components of a modern personal computer contain a miniature computer within them. Microprocessors have also become widespread in production, where control can be reduced to issuing a limited sequence of commands.
A personal computer is a computer designed for use by a single user. The price, dimensions and capabilities of such a computer must satisfy the user's needs. Designed as a computing machine, the computer is increasingly used as a means of access to information networks and as a platform for computer games.
The existence of different types of computers is determined by the difference in the tasks for which they are intended. Over time, new types of tasks appear, which leads to the emergence of new types of computers. Therefore, the above division is very conditional.
Supercomputers are a special type of computers created to solve extremely complex computational problems (making forecasts, modeling complex phenomena, processing super-large amounts of information). The principle of operation of a supercomputer is that it is capable of performing several operations in parallel.

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CPU

During operation, the processor reads a sequence of instructions contained in memory and executes them. Such a sequence of instructions is called a program and represents an algorithm for the useful operation of the processor. The order of reading commands changes if the processor reads a jump command - then the address of the next command may be different. Another example of a process change would be when a stop command is received, or when it switches to a hardware interrupt.
The processor is the main microcircuit of the computer, its "brain". It executes the program code in memory and manages the operation of all computer devices. The higher the speed of the processor, the higher the speed of the computer. The processor has special cells called registers. It is in the registers that the instructions that are executed by the processor are placed, as well as the data that the instructions operate on. The processor's job is to select commands and data from memory in a certain sequence for their subsequent execution.

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Internal memory and its characteristics

It is intended for temporary storage of executable programs and data processed by these programs. This is volatile memory. Physically implemented in RAM modules (random access memory) of various types. When the power is turned off, all information in the RAM disappears.
The amount of information stored in RAM is from 32 to 512 MB or more. Entering information into memory and retrieving it is done at addresses. Each byte of the OP has its own individual address (sequence number). Address is a number that identifies memory locations (registers). OP consists of a large number of cells, each of which stores a certain amount of information. The OP is directly connected to the processor. The capabilities of a PC largely depend on the amount of OP.

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Cache

Cache memory is a very fast, small storage device that is used in the exchange of data between the processor and RAM to compensate for the difference in the speed of information processing by the processor and the somewhat slower RAM. The cache memory is managed by a special controller, which, by analyzing the executable program, tries to anticipate what data and commands are most likely to be needed by the processor in the near future, and pumps them into the cache memory. English Cache - a secret warehouse

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Drives and controllers

A disk drive is a necessary peripheral. As a peripheral, it requires an interface card. This card is called the drive controller card. In the most general case, this card does not create any problems. If they do happen, you need to know how to detect and identify them.
A little bit of dirt is enough to cause a failure on both the floppy disk and the drive. Drives require speed adjustments, alignment, and head cleaning. Adjusting the speed and cleaning the heads is relatively easy. Head alignment requires special equipment and is not always cost effective, but this will be discussed later.
In addition to alignment, there is also the issue of device compatibility. There are currently two types of drives: 3.5" and 5.25"; there are also "floptical" (floptical) devices that allow you to store about 100 M of information on one disk with a diameter of 3.5 ".
If you're building a new computer, you'll most likely need one 3.5" floppy drive, as most new software is distributed on these floppy disks. The hard drive article goes into detail about maintaining floppy drives.

Slide 7

System unit ports

A port is usually a connection (physical or logical) through which data is received and sent in computers.
The most common name for a port is:
A hardware port is a specialized connector in a computer designed to connect equipment of a certain type. See: LPT Port, Serial Port, USB Port, Game Port.
I/O port - used in microprocessors (eg, Intel) and microcontrollers (eg, PIC, AVR) when communicating with hardware. An I/O port is associated with a device and allows programs to access it for communication.
Network port - parameter of TCP and UDP protocols.

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Video card Together with the monitor, the video card forms the video subsystem of a personal computer. The video card has not always been a PC component. At the dawn of the development of personal computing, in the general area of RAM, there was a small dedicated screen area of memory, into which the processor entered image data. A special screen controller read data on the brightness of individual points of the screen from the memory cells of this area and, in accordance with them, controlled the scanning of the horizontal beam of the monitor's electron gun. With the transition from black-and-white monitors to color ones and with an increase in screen resolution (the number of dots vertically and horizontally), the video memory area became insufficient to store graphic data, and the processor could no longer cope with building and updating the image. Then there was a selection of all operations related to screen management, in a separate block, called the video adapter. Physically, the video adapter is made in the form of a separate daughter board, which is inserted into one of the motherboard slots and is called a video card. The video adapter took over the functions of the video controller, video processor and video memory. During the existence of personal computers, several video adapter standards have changed: MDA (monochrome)] CGA (4 colors)", EGA (16 colors); VGA (256 colors). Currently, SVGA video adapters are used, which provide playback of up to 16, 7 million colors with the ability to freely select the screen resolution from the standard range of values (640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1152x864; 1280x1024 pixels and more).The screen resolution is one of the most important parameters of the video subsystem.The higher it is, the more information can be displayed on the screen, but the smaller the size of each individual point and, accordingly, the smaller the visible size of the image elements.