Probably every user of a modern computer who is trying to upgrade it in order to increase performance by installing additional brackets random access memory, knows, or at least guesses, that the matter is not limited to just buying a new module and inserting it into the appropriate slot on the motherboard. If you do not take into account some basic parameters and do not comply with the mandatory conditions, conflicts may subsequently arise. Therefore, initially it is necessary to check the compatibility of the RAM and the motherboard. This can be done in several ways, which will be discussed below.
Why do I need to check the compatibility of the motherboard and RAM?
Earlier, at the dawn of development computer technology, when only DDR SDRAM sticks were mainly produced, there were no problems with their installation. Here the question was only in volume.
With the advent of new standards, checking the compatibility of RAM with motherboard became more relevant, since not all manufacturers managed to retrain for new types of RAM. Today the situation is repeating exactly the opposite: motherboard chip manufacturers refuse to support old RAM modifications, excluding their support. With outdated motherboard chips, the situation is similar.
This can be illustrated with an example. Let's say the "motherboard" supports the operation of DDR3 RAM bars with a frequency of 1333 MHz, the user bought and inserted a DDR3 bar into the slot, but operating at a frequency of 1600 MHz. What does he get in the end? Yes, the bar will work. But! At frequency mother chip, and not the one for which it was originally designed. However, stable operation is not absolutely guaranteed. And if the bandwidth of the bar is incommensurable with the same indicator CPU, expect trouble.
What parameters should be considered when replacing RAM sticks
As for the main parameters that should be considered when installing new or additional RAM modules, the following are among the main ones:
- memory type and generation;
- operating frequency;
- the amount of memory for each individual stick;
- timings;
- operating voltage;
- manufacturer;
- type computer device(desktop PC or laptop).
How to find out the compatibility of the motherboard and the simplest method?
Now directly about verification. Everyone knows that when buying a computer device, the corresponding technical documentation is supplied with it (unless it was bought from hand).
Thus, the compatibility of the motherboard and RAM is simply checked in the passport of the motherboard chip. As a rule, all manufacturers indicate the necessary technical parameters and a list of supported devices or manufacturers. But what if there is no such documentation at the user's disposal? In this case, you will have to turn to the Internet.
Where can I find chipset parameters?
But first you need to know some of the main characteristics of the "motherboard" itself, or at least know the model number. On desktop PCs, this is not a problem. You can simply remove the side cover and look at the specified modification.
For laptops, this option is less convenient, so you can use the Run console, enter the msinfo32 command in it, and then view the main characteristics of each component, including the main chipset.
But this information may not be displayed. In such a situation, you can check the compatibility of the motherboard and RAM on the website of the equipment manufacturer. For laptops, this is generally ideal.
So, for example, the compatibility of RAM and ASUS motherboard can be found directly on the official resource. When you enter the site, you just need to enter the laptop model number, then go to the main chip section and use the specifications or support tabs.
The first option is intended for the so-called advanced users, where the RAM section will show all the main parameters of the supported modules. The second tab contains a link to download the main list. By downloading it, you can see exactly what requirements are imposed on RAM strips, and which manufacturers are included in the list of officially supported.
Using the AIDA64 program
In principle, in order not to go far, you can also use universal configuration check utilities computer system, one of which is powerful program AIDA64.
The first step is to check the compatibility of the motherboard and RAM for the maximum amount of RAM. To do this, use the main section "Motherboard", find the line "Chipset" in it, or through the "Properties of the North Bridge" menu, view the item "Maximum Memory".
But this is just general information. More detailed parameters are presented in the SPD section. And here there are already all the main characteristics that must be taken into account when choosing new RAM strips (the list above). Based on these data, it will be possible to choose exactly what is best suited for the motherboard chipset.
Conclusion
Summing up, it remains to add that the compatibility of the motherboard and RAM when buying additional memory modules or when replacing old strips with new ones must be done without fail, otherwise conflicts that can lead to a complete failure of a computer or laptop cannot be avoided. In terms of the methods used, it can be advised to either refer to the website of the equipment manufacturer, or use the AIDA64 application or something similar. Only after that, even on the Internet, it will be possible to pick up the necessary RAM strips.
A lot of readers on our site are interested in questions one way or another related to the choice of RAM, and our site has a very great desire to answer everyone. To make it interesting for you in the process of gaining knowledge, this article is presented by the author in the form of a fascinating story from which you will learn EVERYTHING about computer RAM!
You will learn not only how to choose and buy RAM from a quality manufacturer, but also how to properly install RAM modules in your computer and much more, for example:
- How much RAM does a modern computer need for the comfortable operation of all resource-intensive applications, for example: modern games at maximum settings, video and sound processing programs, etc. What should be a powerful modern computer?
- (follow the link and read a separate article).
- (follow the link and read a separate article)?
- What way out does the operating system find when there is a shortage of RAM?
- Does the computer benefit from an excess of RAM?
- Do you need to completely disable the paging file if you have a large amount of physical RAM, for example 16 -32 GB?
- How much better is dual-channel RAM than single-channel. Which is better to buy, one stick of 8GB memory or two sticks of 4GB?
- How to choose the right memory modules for dual-channel operation?
- What is the frequency of RAM and is it possible to install RAM sticks with different frequencies in a computer?
- What is the latency (timings) of RAM? Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different timings in a computer?
- What is the difference between the RAM sticks used on laptops and regular RAM?
- Nowadays, DDR3 memory is actively used, but are there DDR4 memory sticks on sale?
- If you have old computer and you want to buy DDR2 RAM, then think a few times, because DDR2 memory is expensive, maybe you should replace the motherboard, processor and change the RAM to DDR3.
- How to choose a manufacturer of RAM and is all RAM made in China?
- Do I need to overclock the RAM and how much will the performance of the RAM increase with overclocking?
- Is a heatsink really necessary for RAM?
- What is a RAM controller, why is it needed and where is it located?
- What does the ECC RAM marking mean?
How to choose RAM
Friends, in the last article we considered the issue of choice and I thought about what article to write next. It seems to be logical after the processor to choose a motherboard for it, but I usually do it differently. After choosing a processor, I choose a memory and a video card, I don’t know why, it’s probably just easier and you can immediately figure out how much to expect, since choosing a motherboard is the most difficult part of choosing a computer configuration. In view of this, I decided not to deviate from the tradition I have chosen and devote this article to the choice of random access memory (RAM). Since this site is dedicated to the repair of personal computers, of course, the choice of RAM will be considered not only for new, but also for older PCs.
Like choosing a processor, choosing RAM is not at all a difficult task, probably even easier. But, as elsewhere, there are nuances. Often the choice of RAM comes down to its current price and the amount you are willing to spend. Recently, the trends in price changes for RAM modules are very ambiguous. A few years ago there was a real boom in increasing the amount of RAM in personal computers. And it was connected not even so much with the growth of requirements modern applications and operating systems, how many with incredible price reductions.
A 4 gigabyte (GB) memory stick could be purchased for as little as $25 or less. As a result, solely for marketing purposes (for greater attractiveness and increase in sales of computers), this very memory began to be “shove” into new computers in huge volumes. So, the cheapest system unit, costing about $200-250, necessarily had 4 GB of memory, and the average one for $300-350 had all 8 GB. The sellers in the stores put a lot of emphasis on this, while silently saying that this PC will never be able to realize (fully use) such a memory amount, since the rest of the “stuffing”, such as the processor and video card, left much to be desired. This, in fact, was a kind of deception of buyers or, to put it beautifully, a marketing ploy ...
Unfortunately, the times have passed when it was possible to stock up on RAM “for free” at the very least, and now the price for it has increased significantly. It seems that we have again been "hooked" on the needle of technological progress ... But do you really need a large amount of RAM?
How much RAM does a modern computer need
I must say that until recently, I was fond of modern computer games. Therefore, I always tried to keep my PC up to date. Probably, since I built my first full-fledged PC in 1997, not a single year has passed that I would not treat myself to an acquisition new video card, processor or memory.
In those old (by the standards of computers) times, there was a certain division on the use of operating system components by computers. Games needed only a powerful video card, some RAM, and the processor almost did not matter, since all the calculations were performed by the video card, which has both its own processor and its own memory.
For video encoding, on the contrary, it was necessary powerful processor and enough RAM, and the graphics card didn't matter, etc. Modern gaming applications, on the other hand, have “learned” to make full use of the powerful components of modern computers that were “idle” before, such as a processor and RAM.
When it comes to using the PC as a gaming and entertainment platform, then, until recently, I did not come across games that could even load at least 3 GB of memory at 100% even at maximum graphics settings. But in some cases, the total memory usage approached this figure, despite the fact that the game itself consumed about 2 GB, and the rest was other applications such as skype, antivirus, etc.
Note: Please note that it was not about 4 GB, but about 3. The problem is that 32-bit OS(OS) Windows cannot use more than 3 GB of RAM and therefore they simply “do not see” the “surplus” ... In fairness, it should be noted that for 32-bit OS built on the Linux kernel, such strict restrictions do not exist. So, friends, there is no point in putting more than 4 GB of memory on a 32-bit Windows, they simply will not be used.
For not very new, but also relatively old systems, on which you can put a lot of memory, using a 64-bit OS, in some cases, can be problematic. Since 64-bit versions of drivers for some equipment may simply not exist.
Not so long ago, just at the time of the total reduction in the cost of memory, I purchased the same amount in addition to my 4 GB. But this was not caused by its shortcoming, but by the fact that on my rather powerful motherboard, due to some misunderstanding) there were slots for the already almost obsolete DDR2 memory and I was afraid that a little more and it might completely disappear or wildly rise in price, and then such a “freebie” ... After that, I switched to a 64-bit operating system, because otherwise this acquisition would not look so reasonable). You also need to consider that I have a fairly powerful 4 nuclear processor and an expensive modern video card, thanks to which I can play games at very high graphics settings, at which the consumption of RAM is maximum.
If you have an entry-level or mid-range PC, then 4 GB of RAM will be enough for you., since you can comfortably play modern games only at low or medium settings, which do not require large amounts of memory. In such conditions, installing, say, 8 GB of RAM is money thrown away. But if your PC is powerful enough and is a gaming one, then I would still recommend installing 8 GB, as there is some tendency for modern games to gradually increase the consumption of RAM.
So, for example, the recently released game Call of Duty: Ghosts simply refused to start if it detected that you had less than 6 GB of RAM installed. Again, in fairness, it should be noted that craftsmen made a fix that allows you to bypass this limitation at launch and the game worked.
Regarding 64-bit operating systems, then you should know that it, like all 64-bit applications, consumes exactly 2 times more memory than 32-bit ones. Here it is already fully justified by memory addressing technology and significantly improves performance.
How fast should a computer be?
We will not go into details, but you must understand that in order to feel the increase in speed, the following conditions must be met:
The central processing unit (CPU) must have a 64-bit architecture, the operating system must be 64-bit.
The application that you want to use to improve the performance of certain operations must be 64-bit, the data that is processed must be streaming (video conversion, archiving), since the speed gain is achieved by processing more information in one pass. In this case, the increase will be very significant - up to 2 times. Under these conditions, using an Intel processor (with a longer pipeline) will give you the maximum possible performance such operations. But, as you know, in games, data is transferred in small portions (since it is impossible to predict the next step of the user), therefore, even in those games where there are 64-bit versions of the game engine to run, there will be almost no increase. And yet the decisive role of the video card in them has not gone away.
As for professional use, in areas such as video editing, 3D modeling, design, specialists in these areas know exactly what kind of hardware and how much memory they need. Usually it is from 16 GB and more. And if, say, in 3D modeling there is no streaming data processing, then here it’s just that the volume and quality of models can be so high that a bunch of RAM is “stupidly” needed here to place this model.
If you are not a professional, but really like to convert video, then 4-8 GB is enough for you.
Truly huge amounts of RAM can be demanded in scientific systems and highly loaded servers. In the latter, for example, the amount of memory from 64 GB is considered quite common. But the memory there is not cheap - server (with parity check and automatic error correction), since failures on them are not allowed.
Well, for example, I will give a situation from my real life. When I was training in networking and system administration, I often had to emulate a large number of simultaneously running operating systems and network equipment. Such bundles as 5-10 operating systems running in VirtualBox (or VMware) + the same number of emulated network devices in GNS can eat decently RAM. And it’s good if, in addition to the powerful “process” that supports modern technologies virtualization, there will be 8-16 GB of "RAM", otherwise the brakes are provided ...
Why can't you turn off the swap file?
What happens when there is not enough RAM? Yes, it’s very simple - the OS, in order to compensate for the lack of memory, begins to actively use HDD(the so-called swap file). By the way, God forbid you turn it off. The operation of the system is very deeply tied to the paging file, and disabling it will cause more problems than good. As a result, not only the work of the processor is slowed down, but also the hard drive.
There is only one conclusion - there should be enough memory, if it is not enough, the computer starts to slow down terribly, but its excessive excess does not give any performance increase.
What is RAM
What kind of memory does not exist ...
A board with memory chips is usually called a memory module (or "bar"). There are single-sided and double-sided memory modules. On the first, the chips are placed on one side of the printed circuit board, on the second, on both sides. What's better? I don’t know) There is an opinion that double-sided modules “chase” better, read further in this article about what this means. On the other hand, the fewer chips, the higher the reliability of the module. I have seen cases more than once when one side of the chips failed on the bar and the computer saw only half of its volume. But now I would not focus on this.
The main thing you need to know is that if there are several memory modules in the computer, then it is desirable that they all be either single-sided or double-sided. Otherwise, the memory does not always get along well with each other and does not work at full speed.
To date, the most modern is DDR3 memory., which replaced the older DDR2, and it, in turn, is even older - DDR. A new, more modern DDR4 memory has already been developed, but it has not yet reached the masses. We will not go further.
When building a new PC, you should choose only the latest memory standard. On this moment it's DDR3.
Sometimes replacing the motherboard and acquiring a new type of memory is equivalent in price to adding an old type of RAM to an old board.
The new memory will also be much cheaper than the older DDR2, for which greedy manufacturers and sellers “beat” (keep) a high price, since there is not enough of it left and for those who want to upgrade their PC there is simply no other choice but to agree to such draconian conditions. In this case, it is worth considering, or maybe add a little and buy more promising components? And if you still sell the old one, you can generally get a plus, if you're lucky, of course)
laptop memory
Notebooks use the same memory as PCs, but have a smaller module size and are called SO-DIMM DDR (DDR2, DDR3).
Memory characteristics. Frequency and timings
Memory is characterized primarily by type. For desktop computers (desktops), memory types are used today: DDR, DDR2, DDR3.
The main characteristic of memory is its frequency. The higher the frequency, the faster the memory is considered. But this frequency must be supported by the processor and motherboard, otherwise the memory will work at a lower frequency, and the money that you overpaid will go down the drain.
Memory modules, as well as its types, have their own marking, which begins with PC, PC2 and PC3, respectively.
Today, the most common memory is DDR3 PC3-10600 (1333 MHz). It will run at its native frequency on any computer. In principle, the speed of the computer is not strongly limited by the memory frequency. For example, in games this increase will be absolutely indistinguishable, and in some other applications it will be more noticeable. But the difference in price, for example, in comparison with DDR3 PC3-12800 memory (1600 MHz) will be very small. Here I usually follow the rule - if the price is slightly higher ($1-3) and the processor supports a higher frequency, then why not - we take a faster memory.
Is it possible to install sticks of RAM with different frequencies in a computer?
The frequency of the RAM does not have to match, the motherboard will set the frequency for all the brackets according to the slowest module, but very often a computer with brackets of different frequencies is unstable. For example, it may not turn on at all.
Timings
The next memory performance parameter is the so-called delays (timings). Roughly speaking, this is the time that has passed from the moment the memory was accessed to the moment the necessary data was issued to it. Accordingly, the lower the timings, the better. There are dozens of different delays in reading, writing, copying, and various combinations of these and other operations. But there are only a few main ones that you can navigate.
Timings are indicated (though not always) on the label of memory modules in the form of 4 numbers with hyphens between them. The first and most important is latency, the rest are derivatives of it.
The delays depend on the quality of the memory chips. Accordingly - higher quality - lower timings - higher price. However, it is worth noting that timings affect performance much less than memory frequency. Therefore, I rarely attach importance to this, only if the price is approximately the same, you can take memory with lower timings. Usually, modules with ultra-low timings are positioned as top-end ones, come with heatsinks (which we will talk about later), in beautiful packaging and are much more expensive.
Marking of the main types, memory modules, their frequency and typical latency (CL)
DDR - obsolete (completely)
DDR-266 - PC2100 - 266 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-333 - PC2700 - 333 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-400 - PC-3200 - 400 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR2 - obsolete (sometimes still found and can be used to add to an old PC)
DDR2-533 - PC2-4200 - 533 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-667 - PC2-5300 - 667 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-800 - PC2-6400 - 800 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-1066 - PC2-8500 - 1066 MHz - CL 5
DDR3 - modern
DDR3-1333 - PC3-10600 - 1333 MHz - CL 9
DDR3-1600 - PC3-12800 - 1600 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-1800 - PC3-14400 - 1800 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-2000 - PC3-16000 - 2000 MHz - CL 11
Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different timings in a computer?
Timings also do not have to match. The motherboard will automatically set the timings for all the brackets according to the slowest module. There shouldn't be any problems.
Memory modes
Yes, yes ... Perhaps not everyone knew, but RAM can work in different modes, the so-called: Single Mode (single-channel) and Dual Mode (two-channel).
In single-channel mode, data is first written to one memory module, and when its capacity is exhausted, it begins to be written to the next free module.
In dual-channel mode, data writing is parallelized and written simultaneously to several modules.
Here, friends, the use of dual-channel mode significantly increases the speed of the memory. In reality, the speed of memory operation in dual-channel mode is up to 30% higher than in single-channel mode. But in order for it to work, the following conditions must be met:
Motherboard must support dual channel RAM
Memory modules must be 2 or 4
Memory modules must be either all single-sided or all double-sided
If any of these conditions are not met, the memory will only operate in single-channel mode.
It is desirable that all the bars be as identical as possible: they have the same frequency, latency, and even be of the same manufacturer. Otherwise, no one can give any guarantees for the operation of the two-channel mode. Therefore, if you want your memory to work as fast as possible, it is highly advisable to immediately purchase 2 identical memory sticks, because after a year or two you will not find exactly the same.
Another question is if you need to increase the amount of memory on an old computer. In this case, you can try to find the most similar memory module to the one you already have. If you have 2 of them, and there are 2 more free slots on the motherboard, then you will have to look for 2 more of the same modules. An ideal, but not always economical option is to turn in the old memory as used and buy 2 new identical modules of a larger capacity.
Of course, if your old computer is very weak, then there may not be much gain from dual-channel mode. In this case, you can install any module, but it is still better to choose the most suitable one in order to exclude its possible conflict with old modules and the complete inoperability of the computer. Try to arrange a return with the seller in advance or bring a system manager to him and let him try to find a suitable module.
RAM controller
It should be noted that before the memory controllers were in the chipset (logic set) of motherboards. In modern systems, memory controllers are located in processors. In this regard, the dual-channel memory mode has 2 more submodes: Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired).
In paired (Ganged) mode, memory modules work in the same way as in old motherboards, but in unpaired (Unganged) each processor memory controller (in modern processors there are 2 of them) can work separately with each bar. This mode can be set in the computer's BIOS, but is usually selected automatically by the processor. If the bars are identical, then Ganged (but not necessarily), if they are different, then only Unganged. In any case, the memory will work in dual-channel mode. But I still recommend buying and installing 2 identical modules at once, this will eliminate distortions in their parameters and improve compatibility.
The dual-channel mode of operation of RAM has only one drawback - 2 memory sticks are somewhat more expensive than one of the same volume. Therefore, many stores and private assemblers save and set the bar. As a result, we have a modern computer that does not work at full capacity.
Some modern expensive motherboards, which usually have 6 memory slots, can even work in three-channel mode.
By the way, if you have 2 or 3 memory sticks, then in order for the two-channel or three-channel mode to work, all these sticks must be inserted into slots of the same color.
Some desktop memory modules have the abbreviation ECC in their markings..
This is memory with parity, a technology used in server systems. You should not pay any attention to this, since in desktop PCs this technology is not critical and, in most cases, does not work at all. It's all the same marketing ploy.
Memory connectors
There is nothing to talk about here at all. Each type of DDR, DDR2, DDR3 memory has its own slot on the motherboard of the same type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3). You will not insert one type of memory into another type of memory, since there is a special ledge (key) in the motherboard slot,
Which should line up with the slot on the memory module board. This is just done in order not to accidentally mix up and install the bar in the wrong slot and, as a result, not damage both the memory and, possibly, the motherboard. When buying memory, you need to know exactly what type of memory the motherboard supports.
About RAM heatsinks
Some memory modules are equipped with so-called heatsinks, which are overlays of aluminum plates, sometimes painted in copper or other colors, on both sides of the board. These overlays are connected to the memory chips through special thermal pads, which are designed to better transfer heat from the chips to the heatsinks. Radiators can have additional fins to increase the cooling area and even better heat dissipation.
In practice, memory chips normal operation heat up slightly and do not require additional cooling. Gaskets between chips and heatsinks don't transfer heat as well as thermal paste between a CPU and a cooler. In addition, in the free space between the board and the heatsinks there is an air gap that interferes with natural cooling and eventually becomes clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean from there. This design provides active cooling with the help of an additional fan or good organization of the air flow inside the case. In addition, such modules can often cost more.
So who needs such joy, you ask? Well, ask me)
Answer: enthusiasts who are always short of everything, who want to overclock everything, overtake everyone, etc. In addition - it's just beautiful) Yes, friends, if you consider yourself to be in this group of users, then such a memory is for you! Because such a cooling system will be effective only with sufficiently high heating as a result of overclocking with an increase in voltage and mandatory additional airflow. Remember - conventional memory operating in normal mode does not need heatsinks.
Example correct use memory with heatsinks in a powerful system
Overclocking RAM
Overclocking is a slang word in the computer lexicon that implies manual installation more aggressive operating parameters of electronic components, such as processors, memory and video cards, than provided by the manufacturer. As a rule, such parameters are the frequency (in processors there is also a multiplier). With particularly high overclocking, for relatively stable operation of these components, the voltage is also increased. As a result, higher heating of the elements occurs, requiring improved cooling. The so-called overclocking itself is possible thanks to a certain margin provided by the manufacturer so that the product works stably, and not at the limit of its capabilities, or especially for advanced users) In any case, this event makes the entire system less stable and reduces the life of overclocked components . If you still decide to experiment, then first study all aspects well and act strictly according to the instructions. By the way, if components fail as a result of overclocking, you may lose your warranty.
RAM manufacturers
Like other components, memory modules are manufactured by many manufacturers. And, as always, they have different quality. I recommend paying attention to the following brands that have an optimal price / quality ratio: AMD, Crucial, Goodram, Hynix, Kingston, Micron, Patriot, Samsung, TakeMS, Transcend.
Enthusiast brands include: Corsair, G.Skill, Mushkin, Team. These firms produce a wide range of modules with heatsinks and increased technical specifications. I recommend avoiding cheap Chinese brands: A-Data, Apacer, Elixir, Elpida, NCP, PQI and other little-known manufacturers.
Memory modules that are not made in China deserve special mention. Currently, there are not many of them, for example, modules that are labeled as Hynix Original and Samsung Original are made in Korea. The quality of such modules is considered higher, they cost a little more, but usually have a longer warranty (up to 36 months).
In fairness, it should be noted that even if you have purchased the memory of a well-known and proven brand, this, unfortunately, does not mean that you will not come across defects or modules damaged during transportation. Of course, in the products of top brands in individual packaging, there will be less defects (damage) than in the cheapest modules that are transported and sold in bulk.
Memory module in individual packaging
How to choose memory for a new computer
First of all, choose the most modern type of memory in use. Today it is DDR3. Decide on the volume you need. Briefly summarizing this article, I will give general recommendations on the minimum amount of RAM for PCs of different purposes:
For an office or weak home PC - 2 GB
4. It is better to select the most identical straps (one-sided or two-sided), with the same frequency and latency. The ideal option is to sell the old memory as used and install a new one in the right amount.
5. If you put memory with a higher frequency than your processor or motherboard supports, then it will work at a lower frequency.
Do right choice friends are with us, and no dust for you, no breakdown)
(English) we went through the basic concepts and characteristics of RAM. In this article, we want to touch on topics that often cause controversy, and try to understand the following myths and statements:
- All DDR3 memory is the same
- Just need to add more RAM
- There are only a few DIMM manufacturers
- DDR-3200 support means any RAM can be used
- When installing different modules, RAM runs at the speed (timings) of the slowest DIMM
- Cheaper to buy two sets of DIMMs than one large and expensive set
- RAM runs faster when all slots are occupied
- RAM faster than 1600 MT / s does not give a performance boost
- 8 GB is enough for the next ten years
- You will never be able to use 16 GB of memory
- I'm not using all available memory, so extra memory won't speed things up.
- 64-bit OS allows you to use any amount of RAM
- 1.65V RAM can damage Intel processors
- Dual-channel mode doubles the data transfer rate, i.e. the RAM works twice as fast
Myths about RAM | All DDR3 memory is the same
This topic alone deserves a separate article, but we will try to discuss it briefly and outline a few theses.
- Consider the Kingston Fury line of RAM, which does not come with an XMP profile and instead uses plug and play technology. The modules are reasonably priced, look nice, come with colorful heatsinks, and are aimed at older system users looking to upgrade their RAM. But since this memory is based on PnP, it will only work with certain chipsets: H67, P67, Z68, Z77, Z87 and H61 from Intel, along with AMD A75, A87, A88, A89, A78 and E35. You can also add Z87 and Z97 here. The list of chipsets is taken from the company's website.
- The chips themselves are also different:
- Most RAM manufactured today uses high-density 4Gb memory chips, while older DDR3 uses lower-density 2Gb chips. Older memory controllers can only handle low density chips. One of our editors recently discovered that none of the P55 motherboards wanted to work with his 8 GB modules. And if you install memory with different characteristics, then the module may not be determined or lose stability.
- Memory chips are produced by many companies that adhere to their own specifications. Each line of chips is tested or binned, and according to the quality of the chip, it is marked and allocated to different series.
We generally recommend checking with RAM manufacturers who spend a lot of time testing memory on various motherboards. Motherboard manufacturers also provide Qualified Vendor Lists (QVLs) of RAM that they have tested on a particular board. But usually these lists indicate a small number of manufacturers whose memory was in the laboratory. Therefore, it is better to check with the memory manufacturer's list. you can find many useful tips and recommendations for RAM modules for hotel platforms and motherboards, as well as information about their speed and compatibility with various processors.
Myths about RAM | Just need to add more RAM
JEDEC is an association of electronic device manufacturers and developers that sets industry standards for widespread adoption among its members. Since some RAM manufacturers have exceeded the JEDEC maximum of DDR3-1600 CAS 11 (and later CAS 9) and offer tighter timings and higher data rates, mixing different RAM modules has not been as easy as originally thought.
Simply put, mixing RAM modules from different sets does not guarantee stable operation, even if you have two identical sets of the same model line. We'd like to add that DIMMs that don't work well together can often, but not always, be made to work by adjusting voltages and/or timings. For article "DDR3 memory: how to improve system performance?" two companies instead of single sets of 32 GB RAM at 2400 MT / s sent us a pair of identical sets of modules in a 2 x 8 GB configuration. Initially, they did not work together, but with the help of minor adjustments, we achieved a positive result.
What is the problem? After all, the modules have the same frequencies, timings and voltage.
DRAM mainly consists of memory chips soldered to a printed circuit board. During the production of RAM of a certain model, the manufacturer may use up a certain batch printed circuit boards, and then switch to new PCBs from another production batch, which, as a result, may affect a number of characteristics.
The same thing can happen with solder. The manufacturer may start using a different type that has slightly modified conductive properties.
Also, the crystals themselves can be different. During the production process, the chips are binned, that is, sorted according to their quality.
Let's look at this concept from a theoretical point of view. In one production batch, there may be, say, 1000 memory chips that are split or binned. 200 chips can be classified by a manufacturer as entry-level chips, 350 slightly better, 300 even better, and 150 first-class chips. Then they sell those chips to different manufacturers memory modules.
If you buy DDR3-1866 memory modules from several companies, then most likely you will get different PCBs, solder with different conductive properties, and, quite possibly, chips of different levels from different manufacturers.
The memory chips themselves are produced by several different companies, which only exacerbates the compatibility problem. You probably already understand why mixing different RAM modules often causes problems.
We also noticed that most of the new RAM lines use 4 Gb chips, while the old lines use 2 Gb.
Myths about RAM | There are only a few DIMM manufacturers
This is both a myth and a delusion. There are several memory chip companies and many manufacturers of RAM modules. There are RAM modules made by one or more companies for other companies. For example, RAM AMD Radeon manufactured by Patriot and VisionTek.
Myths about RAM | DDR-3200 support means any RAM can be used
To use expensive 3200 MT/s memory, you need a processor that can handle such a high transfer rate. Otherwise, the memory will only work in 1333, 1600, or 1866 modes.
At times Intel processors LGA 775 overclocking of the CPU and RAM was performed primarily due to the FSB (system bus). Let's say you have a Q6600 processor and your motherboard supports 1066MHz FSB. In this case, the processor will operate at a native frequency of 2.4 GHz, and the memory at a speed of 1066 MT / s. If you want to overclock the processor by increasing the FSB frequency to 1333, then it will operate at a frequency of 3 GHz, and the memory at 1333 MT / s. In other words, the memory speed was limited by the FSB frequency limit. The memory controller was located in the chipset, more often in the northbridge of the motherboard, and also worked at the FSB frequency.
Today the memory controller has moved to the CPU. So the CPU is the main driver of memory operation at the advertised frequencies. Processors based on the Haswell architecture are designed for DDR3-1600 memory, while mid-range and top level, which do not belong to the K series, as a rule, can work quite stably with memory up to 1866 - 2133 MT / s. The K-series processors are overclockable and their controllers support enthusiast-oriented higher data rate modules.
AMD's current FX processor line supports "up to 1866 MT/s per DIMM channel". However, you may run into problems running memory in 1866 mode on entry-level and sometimes mid-range processors. This is partly due to the fact that the memory controller of the FX processors is optimized for DDR3-1333 (according to the BIOS and Kernel Programming Guide). Like any other processor, FX chips can be overclocked to run at speeds even higher than DDR3-1866, but this will negatively affect stability.
Myths about RAM | When installing different modules, RAM runs at the speed (timings) of the slowest DIMM
Suppose you have a DDR3-1600 CAS 9 module and you add another module, but already 1866 CAS 9. This may cause the RAM to run at the default settings set by the motherboard, i.e. 1333 CAS 9 or 10 (many AMD motherboards use 1066 by default). Or both modules will work in 1600 CAS 9 (10 or even 11) mode if DOCP, EOCP, XMP or AMP technologies were enabled before installing the DDR3-1866 module.
But you can also set the options manually. Typically, in such scenarios, we would try 1866 mode at 10-10-10-27, increasing the voltage a little, about + 0.005 V. Depending on the results, you can adjust the voltage of the memory controller.
Myths about RAM | Cheaper to buy two sets of DIMMs than one large and expensive set
Even if you buy two identical sets, there is no guarantee that they will work together. RAM modules sold as a set have been tested for compatibility. Manufacturers do not guarantee the performance of mixed kits, even if they use the same memory module models.
Customers often do this with high speed modules and rely on XMP for setup. When XMP is enabled, the motherboard can read the profile of two sticks of RAM and set the secondary timings accordingly, but the tRFC timings for running two modules can be set to 226, while a bunch of four modules will need a value of 314. This problem is difficult to detect, since users rarely go to the settings of secondary timings.
Myths about RAM | RAM runs faster when all slots are occupied
Two sticks of RAM give less load on the memory controller than four. It takes less power, the memory controller needs less voltage to run smoothly, and the RAM is usually slightly faster, although it's not noticeable. The same goes for 3- and 4-channel motherboards. Users are often misled into thinking that four DIMMs (often sold as quad-channel sets) always operate in quad-channel mode, even though dual-channel motherboards cannot in principle do so.
Myths about RAM | RAM faster than 1600 MT / s does not give a performance boost
The validity of this statement depends on several factors. For processors with an integrated graphics core or APU, this is completely untrue, since the video core uses system memory And the faster it is, the better!
Most RAM tests measure read, write, and copy speed. Many gaming tests when changing RAM 1600 to 2133 show an increase in frame rate from 3 to 5 FPS. This is because in most games, RAM is primarily used as a conduit for transmitting information to the GPU, as well as a buffer for frequently accessed data. The fact remains, RAM can boost FPS quite a bit. Since the price difference between 1600 and 2133 memory is not always large, sometimes buying faster RAM can be justified.
In addition, the WinRAR archiver takes data from RAM and compresses it in RAM before writing it to disk. When changing from DDR3-1600 memory to 2400, the speed increase in tests using WinRAR can reach 25%. There are many other memory-intensive applications: video editing, image manipulation, CAD, and so on. Even a small speed advantage can save you time if you're working on these types of applications.
If you use your PC in office single-tasking, like taking notes, then browsing the web, then watching a video, then you definitely don't need faster RAM. If you prefer to multitask, for example, you have a bunch of browser tabs open at the same time, while working with large spreadsheets or watching a video in a window, or working with images and performing a virus scan in background, then faster memory can bring certain benefits.
You can test this yourself by running some similar applications with 1600 MT/s memory and then with faster RAM. After downloading several applications, run a benchmark like SiSoftware Sandra and backup at the same time big file using winrar. While these tasks are running, go through open windows Windows, then check Sandra's results and backup time.
Myths about RAM | 8 GB is enough for the next ten years
If you really don't like multitasking, then 8 GB will be enough. But this does not apply to gamers and enthusiasts. Five years ago, 2 GB was enough, then 4 GB, and so on.
Another fact: computer manufacturers often skimp on RAM. For example, when 2 GB seemed enough, they installed 1 GB. Today, 6 - 8 GB of RAM is considered the norm and 16 GB is also not uncommon, so it is unlikely that the level of 8 GB will last long as a standard. Games use more and more RAM. If you are collecting new system and if you want it not to lose relevance in a few years, we recommend 16 GB of RAM.
Myths about RAM | You will never be able to use 16 GB of memory
This misconception is a continuation of the previous one, but is more relevant to users of memory-intensive applications, as well as those who work with large amounts of files and data. The more RAM you have, the more data it can hold for instant re-access, instead of going to a file on your hard drive or the network to re-download.
Many people use more than 20 GB of memory in the system at the same time almost every day, and this is becoming the norm among members of the Tom's Hardware forum, who often discuss the possibility of maximizing the performance of their 8 and 16 GB RAM kits.
Remember also that manufacturers do a lot of research and contact with software developers and users. So there is certainly a reason why modern motherboards are designed to support 32GB, 64GB, and 128GB (or more) of RAM.
Myths about RAM | I'm not using all the RAM, so the extra memory won't speed things up.
In some situations, increasing the amount of RAM can speed up some processes. Many programs adjust the amount of data stored in memory based on the amount of RAM available, so more RAM saves time by putting more frequently accessed data in RAM (rather than on the hard drive). This can be especially useful when you are working on projects with a variety of images or videos, CAD, GIS, virtual machines etc. Another advantage of a large amount of RAM is the ability to create a RAM disk to load games, applications and other data. Such a drive has its hidden drawbacks, but many users are delighted with this feature.
Myths about RAM | 64-bit OS allows you to use any amount of RAM
Many people think that you can use an infinite amount of RAM with a 64-bit operating system, but this is not the case. As an example, here are the limits on the amount of RAM in Windows 7:
| RAM limits in Windows 7 | ||
| x86 (32-bit) | x64 (64-bit) | |
| Windows 7 Ultimate | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Enterprise | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Professional | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Home Premium | 4 GB | 16 GB |
| Windows 7 Home Basic | 4 GB | 8 GB |
| Windows 7 Starter | 2 GB | does not exist |
And in Windows 8:
| RAM limits in Windows 8 | ||
| x86 (32-bit) | x64 (64-bit) | |
| Windows 8 Enterprise | 4 GB | 512 GB |
| Windows 8 Professional | 4 GB | 512 GB |
| Windows 8 | 4 GB | 128 GB |
Myths about RAM | 1.65V memory can damage Intel processors
For its processors, Intel recommends 1.50V memory at a certain data rate. For Haswell, this is DDR3-1600. What's confusing, however, is that Intel also certifies RAM (even DDR3-1600) that runs at 1.60 and 1.65 volts. Keep in mind that 1.60 - 1.65 V is considered normal for DDR3-2133 and higher RAM.
Most memory with lower data rates (such as DDR3-1333 and 1600) use 1.50V or less. We recommend that you refrain from buying RAM with these speeds if it is 1.65 V, as this may mean that the manufacturer used the cheapest and poor-quality memory chips. Why would RAM with good chips need 1.60-1.65 V at all? To further save yourself from future problems, we would recommend not buying DDR3-1866 memory that exceeds 1.50V unless it has low timings (CL7 or CL8).
Myths about RAM | Dual-channel mode doubles the data transfer rate, i.e. the RAM works twice as fast
This is another misconception. When you install two sticks in dual channel mode, the memory controller does not see the RAM as two separate 64-bit devices, but as one 128-bit device. Theoretically, this should double the bandwidth, but in practice, the speed gain is 20-50 percent on Intel processors and slightly less on AMD chips.
This article was written with the participation of many members of the forum, but there are too many to list them all. We would also like to thank the wonderful employees of companies such as Corsair, G.Skill and Team Group, whose knowledge and experience in this area has helped us a lot.
As always, comments and constructive criticism of the article are welcome.
Everyone wants a computer or laptop to fly, not freeze or slow down. The budget option for achieving this goal is system optimization. This is not always effective. A practical way to achieve speed is to buy strips of random access memory (RAM).
There are many types of RAM. Hence the difficulty in choosing. In this article I will tell you how to choose and buy the right RAM sticks for your computer or laptop.
The criteria for choosing RAM in a laptop differ from the criteria for a desktop computer only in physical size. In a laptop, RAM modules are smaller, shorter. So, in general, the selection procedure is the same.
By the way, in modern system blocks there may also be operational modules, the same as usually found in laptops. This is done to save space.
If you are deciding which RAM sticks to buy, then the most reasonable and correct way is to refer to the website of your motherboard developer. It is there that there will be a detailed and truthful list of all the recommended RAM modules that will suit you. But everything will be there, most likely, not in Russian, and anyway, not all points will be clear. Therefore, we will consider in what parameters the models of RAM differ.
RAM interface
RAM differ in their interfaces - the number of contacts and the location of the groove, cutout. There are several types of RAM interfaces. What kind of RAM sticks to buy for you will be prompted by the motherboard developer's website, the markings on the old RAM (if any, if you decide to upgrade the computer), or special software.
DDR, DDR2, DDR3 are types of RAM interfaces. There are a few other less common ones. All of them are physically different from each other, respectively, if you buy the wrong RAM, you will not be able to insert it into your motherboard. There are also electrical differences, so don't even try to shove it in.
Perhaps this is the most important parameter that you should find out before buying RAM sticks.
RAM form factor
This is exactly what distinguishes the RAM of a desktop computer from a portable laptop. And having seen your RAM once, you will know exactly what format factor it is.
There are two types - DIMM and SO-DIMM. SO-DIMM is shorter, respectively, for laptops. DIMM - for system blocks.
RAM frequency
The frequency must be supported by the motherboard and processor (again, the best option to find out - look at the manufacturer's website or on the marking of the old RAM). The frequency is indicated after the interface. For example, DDR3-1333, where 1333 is the frequency in megahertz.
The frequency of RAM determines the data transfer rate, that is, its speed. But the computer will not work much faster from this. It is necessary to choose RAM with the correct frequency. No more chasing high frequency if the motherboard and processor do not support it.
If you connect RAM with a lower frequency to a motherboard that supports a higher frequency, then the motherboard will work without fully using its resource. If you connect RAM with a higher frequency to a motherboard that supports a low frequency, then the RAM will not show its full resource. In addition, in both cases, there is a high probability of various errors in the operation of the RAM.
Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the frequency at which your motherboard and processor can operate and buy RAM sticks accordingly.
Remember that if you have several RAM modules in your computer, and they are at different frequencies, both modules will operate at the lowest frequency.
RAM
These are volumes that increase the performance of the computer. The bigger, the better. The times when the amount of RAM was measured in megabytes are long gone, and therefore now they are in gigabytes.
The amount of RAM is also indicated on the case in the marking, usually in front of the 4GB DDR3 interface - which means 4 gigabytes of brains.
RAM timing
Timing is another murky thing that you will encounter when choosing RAM. And I will not bother much on it, so I will only say three things.
First, the lower the timing, the better, the faster it will work.
Secondly, all RAM in the computer must be with the same timing.
Thirdly, the timing on the RAM case is marked CL. For example, CL 9-9-9-24.
RAM is used for temporary storage of data necessary for the operation of the operating system and all programs. There should be enough RAM, if it is not enough, then the computer starts to slow down.
A board with memory chips is called a memory module (or bar). Memory for a laptop, except for the size of the strips, is no different from memory for a computer, so follow the same recommendations when choosing.
For an office computer, one 4 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz is enough (it costs almost the same).
RAM Crucial CT4G4DFS824A
For multimedia computer (movies, simple games) it is better to take two DDR4 strips with a frequency of 2666 MHz, 4 GB each, then the memory will work in a faster dual-channel mode.
RAM Ballistix BLS2C4G4D240FSB
For gaming computer middle class, you can take one DDR4 bar for 8 GB with a frequency of 2666 MHz so that in the future you can add another one and better if it is a simpler running model.
RAM Crucial CT8G4DFS824A
And for a powerful gaming or professional PC, you need to immediately take a set of 2 DDR4 sticks of 8 GB each, while a frequency of 2666 MHz will be enough.
2. How much memory do you need
For an office computer designed to work with documents and access the Internet, one 4 GB memory bar is enough.
For a multimedia computer that can be used to watch high quality videos and undemanding games, 8 GB of memory is enough.
For a mid-range gaming computer, the minimum option is 8 GB of RAM.
A powerful gaming or professional computer requires 16 GB of memory.
More memory may be needed only for very demanding professional programs and is not needed by ordinary users.
Memory size for old PCs
If you decide to increase the amount of memory on an old computer, then please note that 32-bit versions of Windows do not support more than 3 GB of RAM. That is, if you install 4 GB of RAM, then the operating system will see and use only 3 GB.
As for 64-bit versions of Windows, they will be able to use the entire installed memory, but if you have an old computer or an old printer, then they may not have drivers for these operating systems. In this case, before buying memory, install the 64-bit version of Windows and check if everything works for you. I also recommend that you look at the website of the motherboard manufacturer and see how many modules and total memory it supports.
Also note that 64-bit operating systems consume 2 times more memory, for example, Windows 7 x64 takes about 800 MB for its needs. Therefore, 2 GB of memory for such a system will not be enough, preferably at least 4 GB.
Practice shows that modern operating rooms Windows systems 7,8,10 are fully revealed with a memory capacity of 8 GB. The system becomes more responsive, programs open faster, and jerks (freezes) disappear in games.
3. Types of memory
Modern memory is of the DDR SDRAM type and is constantly being improved. So DDR and DDR2 memory is already obsolete and can only be used on older computers. DDR3 memory is no longer advisable to use on new PCs, it has been replaced by a faster and more promising DDR4.
Please note that the selected memory type must be supported by the processor and motherboard.
Also, new processors, for compatibility reasons, can support DDR3L memory, which differs from regular DDR3 by a lower voltage from 1.5 to 1.35 V. Such processors will be able to work with regular DDR3 memory if you already have it, but processor manufacturers do not recommend this from - due to increased degradation of memory controllers designed for DDR4 with an even lower voltage of 1.2 V.
Memory type for old PCs
Legacy DDR2 memory is several times more expensive than more modern memory. A 2 GB DDR2 stick costs twice as much, and a 4 GB DDR2 stick costs 4 times as much as a DDR3 or DDR4 stick of the same size.
Therefore, if you want to significantly increase the memory on an old computer, then it is possible to the best option there will be a transition to a more modern platform with the replacement of the motherboard and, if necessary, a processor that will support DDR4 memory.
Calculate how much it will cost you, perhaps a profitable solution would be to sell an old motherboard with old memory and purchase new, albeit not the most expensive, but more modern components.
The motherboard connectors for installing memory are called slots.
Each type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) has its own slot. DDR3 memory can only be installed in motherboard with DDR3 slots, DDR4 with DDR4 slots. Motherboards that support the old DDR2 memory are no longer produced.
5. Memory specifications
The main characteristics of memory, on which its performance depends, are the frequency and timings. The speed of the memory does not have such a strong impact on the overall performance of the computer as the processor. However, you can often get faster memory for a fraction of the price. Fast memory is needed primarily for powerful professional computers.
5.1. Memory frequency
The frequency has the greatest effect on the speed of the memory. But before buying it, you need to make sure that the processor and motherboard also support the required frequency. Otherwise, the actual memory frequency will be lower and you will simply overpay for something that will not be used.
Inexpensive motherboards support a lower maximum memory frequency, such as 2400 MHz for DDR4. Medium and high-end motherboards may support higher frequency memory (3400-3600MHz).
But with processors, the situation is different. Older processors with DDR3 memory support may support memory with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600 or 1866 MHz (depending on the model). For modern processors that support DDR4 memory, the maximum supported memory frequency may be 2400 MHz or higher.
6th generation Intel processors and above and AMD Ryzen processors support DDR4 memory at 2400 MHz or above. At the same time, in their model range there are not only powerful expensive processors, but also processors of the middle and budget class. Thus, you can build a computer on the most modern platform with an inexpensive processor and DDR4 memory, and in the future, change the processor and get the highest performance.
The main memory for today is DDR4 2400 MHz, which is supported by the most modern processors, motherboards and costs the same as DDR4 2133 MHz. Therefore, it makes no sense to purchase DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz today.
What memory frequency is supported by a particular processor can be found on the manufacturers' websites:
by model number or serial number it is very easy to find all the characteristics of any processor on the site:
Or just enter the model number in the search Google system or Yandex (for example, "Ryzen 7 1800X").
5.2. high frequency memory
Now I want to touch on another interesting point. On sale you can find RAM at a much higher frequency than any modern processor supports (3000-3600 MHz and higher). Accordingly, many users are wondering how this can be?
It's all about the technology developed by Intel, eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP). XMP allows the memory to run at a higher frequency than the processor officially supports. XMP must be supported by both the memory itself and the motherboard. Memory with a high frequency simply cannot exist without the support of this technology, but not all motherboards can boast of its support. Basically, these are more expensive models above the middle class.
The essence of XMP technology is that the motherboard automatically increases the frequency of the memory bus, so that the memory starts to work at its higher frequency.
AMD has a similar technology called AMD Memory Profile (AMP) that was supported by older motherboards for AMD processors. These motherboards usually supported XMP modules as well.
Buying more expensive memory with a very high frequency and an XMP-enabled motherboard makes sense for very powerful professional computers equipped with a top-end processor. In a middle-class computer, this will be money thrown to the wind, since everything will rest on the performance of other components.
In games, the memory frequency has little effect and there is no point in overpaying, it will be enough to take it at 2400 MHz, or at 2666 MHz if the price difference is small.
For professional applications, you can take a memory with a higher frequency - 2666 MHz, or if you want and funds allow for 3000 MHz. The difference in performance here is greater than in games, but not cardinal, so there is no point in overclocking the memory frequency.
Once again I remind you that your motherboard must support the memory of the required frequency. In addition, sometimes Intel processors become unstable at memory frequencies above 3000 MHz, while Ryzen has this limit around 2900 MHz.
Timings are delays between read/write/copy data operations in RAM. Accordingly, the smaller these delays, the better. But timings have a much smaller impact on the speed of the memory than its frequency.
There are only 4 main timings, which are indicated in the characteristics of memory modules.
Of these, the most important is the first digit, which is called latency (CL).
Typical latency for 1333 MHz DDR3 memory is CL 9, for higher clocked DDR3 memory CL 11.
Typical latency for 2133 MHz DDR4 memory is CL 15, for higher clocked DDR4 memory CL 16.
You should not buy memory with a latency higher than indicated, as this indicates a general low level of its technical characteristics.
Usually, memory with lower timings is more expensive, but if the difference in price is not significant, then memory with lower latency should be preferred.
5.4. Supply voltage
The memory can have a different supply voltage. It can be either standard (generally accepted for a certain type of memory), or increased (for enthusiasts), or vice versa, reduced.
This is especially important if you want to add more memory to your PC or laptop. In this case, the tension of the new strips should be the same as that of the existing ones. Otherwise, problems are possible, since most motherboards cannot set different voltages for different modules.
If the voltage is set to a bar with a lower voltage, then others may not have enough power and the system will not work stably. If the voltage is set to a bar with a higher voltage, then the memory designed for a lower voltage may fail.
If you are collecting new computer, then it is not so important, but to avoid possible problems compatibility with the motherboard and the replacement or expansion of memory in the future, it is better to choose brackets with a standard supply voltage.
The memory, depending on the type, has the following standard supply voltages:
- DDR - 2.5 V
- DDR2 - 1.8 V
- DDR3 - 1.5 V
- DDR3L - 1.35V
- DDR4 - 1.2 V
I think you noticed that DDR3L memory is on the list. This is not a new type of memory, but the usual DDR3, but with a reduced supply voltage (Low). This is the kind of memory needed for Intel 6th generation and above processors that support both DDR4 and DDR3 memory. But in this case, it is better to assemble the system on the new DDR4 memory.
6. Marking of memory modules
Memory modules are marked according to the type of memory and its frequency. The marking of DDR memory modules begins with PC, followed by a number indicating the generation and speed in megabytes per second (Mb / s).
This marking is inconvenient to navigate, it is enough to know the type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), its frequency and latency. But sometimes, for example, on classifieds sites, you can see the markings rewritten from the bar. Therefore, so that you can navigate in this case, I will give the marking in a classic form, indicating the type of memory, its frequency and typical latency.
DDR - obsolete
- PC-2100 (DDR 266 MHz) - CL 2.5
- PC-2700 (DDR 333 MHz) - CL 2.5
- PC-3200 (DDR 400 MHz) - CL 2.5
DDR2 - obsolete
- PC2-4200 (DDR2 533 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-5300 (DDR2 667 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-6400 (DDR2 800 MHz) - CL 5
- PC2-8500 (DDR2 1066 MHz) - CL 5
DDR3 - obsolete
- PC3-10600 (DDR3 1333 MHz) - CL 9
- PC3-12800 (DDR3 1600 MHz) - CL 11
- PC3-14400 (DDR3 1866 MHz) - CL 11
- PC3-16000 (DDR3 2000 MHz) - CL 11
- PC4-17000 (DDR4 2133 MHz) - CL 15
- PC4-19200 (DDR4 2400 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-21300 (DDR4 2666 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-24000 (DDR4 3000 MHz) - CL 16
- PC4-25600 (DDR4 3200 MHz) - CL 16
DDR3 and DDR4 memory may have a higher frequency, but only high-end processors and more expensive motherboards can work with it.
7. Design of memory modules
Memory sticks can be single-sided, double-sided, with or without heatsinks.
7.1. Chip placement
Chips on memory modules can be placed on one side of the board (single-sided) and on both sides (double-sided).
It doesn't matter if you are purchasing memory for a new computer. If you want to add memory to an old PC, then it is desirable that the location of the chips on the new bar is the same as on the old one. This will help avoid compatibility issues and increase the likelihood of memory running in dual-channel mode, which we will discuss later in this article.
Now on sale you can find a lot of memory modules with aluminum heatsinks of various colors and shapes.
The presence of heatsinks can be justified on DDR3 memory with a high frequency (1866 MHz or more), since it heats up more. At the same time, ventilation must be well organized in the case.
A modern DDR4 RAM with a frequency of 2400, 2666 MHz practically does not heat up and the radiators on it will be purely decorative. They can even interfere, because after a while they will become clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean out of them. In addition, such memory will cost a little more. So, if you want, you can save on this, for example, by taking Crucial's excellent 2400 MHz memory without heatsinks.
Memory with a frequency of 3000 MHz or more also has an increased supply voltage, but it also does not get very hot, and in any case it will have radiators.
8. Memory for laptops
Notebook memory differs from desktop memory only in the size of the memory module and is labeled SO-DIMM DDR. Just like for desktop computers, memory for laptops has DDR types, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4.
In terms of frequency, timings and voltage, memory for laptops does not differ from memory for computers. But laptops only come with 1 or 2 memory slots and have tighter limits on maximum capacity. Be sure to check these parameters before choosing a memory for specific model laptop.
9. Memory modes
Memory can operate in single channel (Single Channel), dual channel (Dual Channel), three-channel (Triple Channel) or four-channel mode (Quad Channel).
In single-channel mode, data is written sequentially to each module. In multichannel modes, data is written in parallel to all modules, which leads to a significant increase in the performance of the memory subsystem.
Single-channel memory mode is limited only by hopelessly outdated motherboards with DDR memory and the first models with DDR2.
All modern motherboards support dual-channel memory, and only a few very expensive motherboards support three-channel and four-channel memory.
The main condition for the dual-channel mode is the presence of 2 or 4 memory sticks. Three-channel mode requires 3 or 6 memory sticks, and four-channel mode requires 4 or 8 sticks.
It is desirable that all memory modules are the same. Otherwise, dual-channel operation is not guaranteed.
If you want to add memory to an old computer and your motherboard supports dual-channel mode, try to choose a bar that is as identical as possible in all respects. It is best to sell the old one and buy 2 new identical strips.
In modern computers, memory controllers have been moved from the motherboard to the processor. Now it is not so important that the memory modules are the same, since the processor in most cases will still be able to activate dual-channel mode. This means that if in the future you want to add memory to a modern computer, you will not necessarily look for exactly the same module, just choose the most similar in terms of characteristics. But still, I recommend that the memory modules be the same. This will give you a guarantee of its fast and stable operation.
With the transfer of memory controllers to the processor, 2 more modes of dual-channel memory operation appeared - Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired). If the memory modules are the same, then the processor can work with them in Ganged mode, as before. If the modules differ in characteristics, then the processor can activate the Unganged mode to eliminate distortions in working with memory. In general, the speed of the memory in these modes is almost the same and does not make any difference.
The only downside to dual channel mode is that multiple memory modules are more expensive than one of the same capacity. But if you are not very tight on funds, then buy 2 bars, the memory speed will be much higher.
If you need, say, 16 GB of RAM, but you can't afford it yet, you can buy one 8 GB stick to add another one of the same in the future. But still, it is better to purchase two identical strips at once, since then you may not be able to find the same one and you will encounter a compatibility problem.
10. Manufacturers of memory modules
One of best ratios price / quality today has the memory of the impeccably proven brand Crucial, which has modules from budget to gaming (Ballistix).
The well-deserved brand Corsair competes on a par with it, the memory of which is somewhat more expensive.
As an inexpensive but high-quality alternative, I especially recommend the Polish brand Goodram, which has bars with low timings for a low price (Play line).
For an inexpensive office computer, simple and reliable memory from AMD or Transcend will suffice. They have proven themselves perfectly and there are practically no problems with them.
In general, the Korean companies Hynix and Samsung are considered leaders in the production of memory. But now the modules of these brands are mass-produced in cheap Chinese factories, and there are a lot of fakes among them. Therefore, I do not recommend purchasing the memory of these brands.
An exception may be Hynix Original and Samsung Original memory modules, which are made in Korea. These planks are usually blue in color and are considered to be of better quality than those made in China and have a somewhat higher warranty. But in terms of speed characteristics, they are inferior to memory with lower timings from other quality brands.
Well, for enthusiasts and fans of modding, there are available overclocker brands GeIL, G.Skill, Team. Their memory is characterized by low timings, high overclocking potential, unusual appearance and costs a little less than the hyped Corsair brand.
There is also a large assortment of memory modules on sale from the very popular manufacturer Kingston. Memory sold under the budget Kingston brand has never been of high quality. But they have a top HyperX series, which is well-deservedly popular, which can be recommended for purchase, but it is often overpriced.
11. Memory packaging
It is better to purchase memory in individual packaging.
It is usually of higher quality and is much less likely to be damaged in transit than unpackaged memory.
12. Increase memory
If you are planning to add memory to an existing computer or laptop, first find out what the maximum number of sticks and the total amount of memory your motherboard or laptop supports.
Also check how many memory slots are on the motherboard or in the laptop, how many of them are occupied and what brackets are installed in them. Better to do it visually. Open the case, take out the memory sticks, examine them and write down all the characteristics (or take a photo).
If for some reason you do not want to go into the case, then you can see the memory parameters in the program on the SPD tab. Thus, you will not recognize a single-sided bar or a double-sided one, but you can find out the characteristics of the memory if there is no sticker on the bar.
There is a base and effective memory frequency. The CPU-Z program and many similar ones show the base frequency, it must be multiplied by 2.
After you know how much memory you can increase, how many free slots and what memory you have installed, you can begin to explore the possibilities of increasing memory.
If all the memory slots are occupied, then the only way to increase the memory is to replace the existing strips with new larger ones. And the old strips can be sold on the classifieds site or exchanged at a computer store when buying new ones.
If there are free slots, then you can add new ones to the existing memory strips. At the same time, it is desirable that the new strips be as close as possible in terms of characteristics to those already installed. In this case, you can avoid various problems compatibility and increase the chances that the memory will work in dual-channel mode. To do this, the following conditions must be met, in order of importance.
- The memory type must match (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
- The supply voltage of all strips must be the same.
- All slats must be single sided or double sided.
- The frequency of all bars must match.
- All strips must be of the same volume (for dual-channel mode).
- The number of bars must be even: 2, 4 (for two-channel mode).
- It is desirable that the latency (CL) match.
- It is desirable that the bars are from the same manufacturer.
The easiest way to start the choice is with the manufacturer. Choose in the catalog of the online store strips of the same manufacturer, volume and frequency as you have installed. Make sure that the supply voltage matches and check with the consultant whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If the latency also coincides, then it's generally good.
If you couldn't find similar strips from the same manufacturer, then choose all the others from the list of recommended ones. Then again look for the strips of the required volume and frequency, check the supply voltage and specify whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If you could not find similar planks, then look in another store, catalog or classifieds site.
Always the best option is to sell all the old memory and buy 2 new identical sticks. If the motherboard does not support the required size brackets, you may have to buy 4 identical brackets.
13. Setting up filters in the online store
- Go to the "RAM" section on the seller's website.
- Select recommended manufacturers.
- Select form factor (DIMM - PC, SO-DIMM - laptop).
- Select the type of memory (DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
- Select the required amount of strips (2, 4, 8 GB).
- Select the maximum frequency supported by the processor (1600, 1866, 2133, 2400 MHz).
- If your motherboard supports XMP, add a higher frequency memory (2666, 3000 MHz) to your selection.
- Sort the selection by price.
- Sequentially view all positions, starting with the cheapest ones.
- Choose a few bars that match the frequency.
- If the price difference is acceptable to you, go for the higher frequency, lower latency (CL) sticks.
Thus, you will get the optimal price / quality / speed memory for the lowest possible cost.
14. Links
RAM Corsair CMK16GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Corsair CMK8GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Crucial CT2K4G4DFS824A
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