All Windows command line commands in one place. Changing system settings

Byte-by-byte comparison of two or more files. Team comp allows you to compare files located on different disks and in different directories. When comparing files using the command comp their names and locations are displayed. Command executed without parameters comp requests files for comparison.

Syntax

comp [file1] [file2] [/d] [ /a] [/l] [/n=number of lines] [/c]

Options

file1 Specifies the name and location of the first file or set of files to compare. You can use wildcards (* and ?) to specify multiple files. file2 Specifies the name and location of the second file or set of files to compare. You can use wildcards (* and ?) to specify multiple files. /d Print differences in decimal format. (Default is hexadecimal.) /a Display differences as characters. /l Print the line number where the difference is found, instead of displaying the offset in bytes. /n=number of lines Comparison of the first few strings given by the parameter number of lines, both files, even if the files are different sizes. /c Comparison is case insensitive. /? Display help on the command line.

Notes

Comparing Files with the Same Name
If files with the same name are compared, they must be in different directories or on different drives. If in the parameter file2 no filename specified, it is assumed that the filename is file2 matches the name file1. You can use wildcards (* and ?) to specify filenames.
Incomplete parameter setting file1 And file2
If the file names file1 or file2 entered incompletely or parameter file2 skipped, program comp will display a prompt for missing information. If the parameter file1 contains only a drive or directory name without a file name, the command comp compares all files in the given directory with a file file2. If the parameter file2 contains only the drive or directory name, it will be assumed that the filename file2 same as parameter file1.
Output information about mismatches
During the comparison, the program comp prints messages indicating the location of mismatched bytes in files. Each message includes the address offset of the mismatched bytes and the contents of those bytes (in hexadecimal format unless parameter /a or /d). These messages have the following format:

Comparison error OFFSET xxxxxxxx

After 10 differences are found, the team's work comp terminates and the following message is displayed:

10 differences were found. Comparison completed.
Comparing files of different sizes
To compare files of different sizes, you must specify the parameter /n. If the files have different sizes, comp outputs the following message:

Different file sizes

Press key Y to compare the next pair of files. Press key N to complete the command comp.

When you press a key Y team comp continues the comparison with the given parameters until a key is pressed N or re-enter this command.

When working with files of different sizes, use the option /n to compare only the beginnings of files.
Sequential File Comparison
If wildcard characters (* and ?) are used to specify multiple files, comp will find the first file that matches the pattern file1, and will compare it with the corresponding file file2 if it exists. Team comp prints the results of the comparison and compares all files that match the pattern file1. After completion of work comp the following message will be displayed:

Compare other files ?

To compare other files, press the key Y. Team comp prompts for the locations and names of the new files. To end the comparison, press the key N. When you press a key Y team comp asks for parameters command line. If these parameters are not set, the program comp uses the parameters entered earlier.
If files are not found
If the team comp the specified files were not found, you are prompted to continue the comparison.

Examples

To compare the contents of the C:\Reports directory with the contents of the directory backups\\Sales\Backup\April, enter the following command:

comp c:\reports\\sales\backup\april

To compare the first ten lines of files in the \Invoice directory and print the result in decimal format, type the following command:

comp \invoice\*.txt \invoice\backup\*.txt /n=10 /d

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Using CMD Windows commands, you can run system utilities much faster than doing it in the usual way. And, although not everyone understands the meaning of this text-based interface, considering it outdated, in fact, the tool is quite useful.

And not only for professionals, but also for ordinary users. Although, to run most commands, you should run the command line (cmd) as an administrator.

The need to use the command line

The cmd line, which is standard tool Windows platforms, is no different in different versions operating systems - and in the seventh, and in the eighth, and in the tenth, and even in XP. And all teams work the same in each of them.

The advantage of using a string is to speed up work - sometimes typing the desired command is much faster than searching in system folders the corresponding file. Moreover, to speed up work with CMD, a link to it can be displayed on the desktop - or even on the quick launch bar.

The disadvantages of the interface can be called:

manual command input from the keyboard;
the need to run CMD as an administrator (otherwise, most commands do not run);
quite a large list of commands that are difficult to remember.

Externally, the command line is in many ways similar to the interface DOS systems. And, although it allows you to solve many more tasks, some commands overlap with the legacy platform. For example, "format", "cd" and "dir", which are necessary for working with folders and disks.

Working with the interface

Before you start working with the command line, you must first start it. To do this, you can use several methods:

Open the "Run" menu (by pressing Win + R at the same time) and enter the command cmd.exe;
Go to Windows folder on system drive, open the System32 directory and run the file called cmd.exe. You can simplify the task by creating a shortcut that launches the same application and install it on the desktop;
Open the "Start" menu, go to the "All Programs" section, then to the "Accessories" subsection and find the command prompt.

Things to know: After the first launch through the Start menu, CMD appears at the top of it - in the list of most frequently launched applications and utilities. And you can open the line while working in any application (even in the game), just by pressing the Win button on the keyboard.

Rice. 1. Command line of the Windows operating system.

The standard view of the command line is a black window with white text. If this option does not suit the user, he can change the colors depending on his preferences.

To do this, right-click on the top of the window and go to the properties of CMD. In the window that opens, you can choose the location of the line, and the colors of the text or window, and even the font sizes. Here it is also possible to expand the interface to almost the entire screen, increasing the level of convenience of working with it.

Rice. 2. Change command line settings

Commands to help you work with CMD

Hotkeys help make using the command line even easier - although they are not the same as the usual Windows combinations. Instead of pressing the standard Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V sets, copying and pasting text is done like this:

Click on the selected line open window CMD right click;
Select "Mark";
Select text with the left button;
Right click again. After that, all information is in the operating system clipboard.

To paste the copied information, press the same right button and select "Insert". You can simplify the copying of data by checking the box "Select by mouse" in the properties of the command line.

After that, the text can be immediately selected with the left button. If you uncheck the quick insert item, the data is inserted over the already written commands.

Hotkey List

When working with the command line, use the following "hot keys":

up and down arrows allow you to move the cursor around the window, including already entered commands;
Home and End move the cursor to the beginning and end of the line, respectively;
the left and right arrows together with the Ctrl key pressed simultaneously allow you to move the cursor in a given direction by a whole word;
Insert, just like in any text editor, toggles right-shift text insertion and overwriting over written data;
Esc deletes the selected information;
F1 provides the input of the last recorded command one character at a time;
F5 prints the previous command;
F7 lists the last few entries. By default, their number is 50.

Basic commands

The list of basic commands that most users need is relatively small and consists of commands that perform the following actions:

work with directories;
issue statistics on the operation of various applications, the network and the operating system as a whole;
restore drivers;
turn off the computer.

Using the command line, you can even format the drive (including the system drive, which is not formatted from the Windows system by any other means) and even stop the process. And yet, using CMD, the user gets much faster access to the registry editor and the window for changing the system configuration.

Working with directories

The main command for working with directories is dir. With its help, you can check the contents of an open directory. And, if you want to open another folder, you should additionally specify the path to it. For example, select "dir C:\" or "dir D:\".

Rice. 3. Checking the contents of logical drive C.

The second command for working with directories is cd. With its help, you can go to any selected folder. For example, by writing "cd C:\Windows" on the command line, go to the system directory. To open a folder on a drive that is already selected, issue a command like "cd /D D:\".

Rice. 4. Transition from local disk C to D drive.

The mkdir command creates a new folder. And the parameter that is set after it determines the name of the directory. So, after entering "mkdir D:\New_Folder", the corresponding directory appears on drive D. If the user specifies several directories in the list at once (for example, "E:\New\Games\Fallout_3"), an entire folder tree can be created.

Rice. 5. Create a new folder from the command line.

Executing the rmdir command allows you to remove a directory by specifying the full path to it. For example, by writing "rmdir D:\New_Folder" you can delete the newly created folder. Although, if there are other files inside the directory, a message appears on the screen stating that it is not empty. You can delete a non-empty folder by typing rmdir /S in the command line. Before deleting, select the item "Y" (Yes), confirming your action.

Rice. 6. Deleting a folder using the rmdir command.

Turning off the computer

Using the shutdown command, you can turn off the computer - moreover, either immediately, or by setting a timer:

shutdown /s simply terminates the operating system, closing all pending processes;
when you select the shutdown /s /t 3600 command, the timer will be set to exactly one hour. If you want to set any other time, instead of 3600, the corresponding number of seconds is written;

Rice. 7. Enable automatic shutdown of the system.

to cancel an already set timer enter shutdown command/a.

Rice. 8. Cancel shutdown.

Commands work the same in any operating system. The only difference is in the labels that appear. So, for example, for Windows 7 messages are located in the lower right corner of the desktop.

View statistics

Viewing computer statistics begins with the systeminfo command. She gives out maximum amount information about Windows system. Although it is more efficient to use not system utility, but special applications.

For example, AIDA64 - universal program for collecting information, the only drawback of which is a shareware license. A month after use, you will have to pay for the utility - from 1400 to 2200 rubles. per computer, depending on the number of purchased licenses.

Rice. 9. Obtaining information about the computer and operating system.

The driverquery utility allows you to get acquainted with the list of drivers and their properties. In the list that appears on the screen, you can see the type of control program, the date of reference and the name of the module.

Rice. 10. Displaying a list of drivers.

A utility called pathping, when run, shows information about the data lost in transit between the start and end points. This command calculates the loss factors for various routers. And according to the results of the work, the utilities determine access problems for individual routers.

Rice. 11. A utility that checks network operation.

The Netstat application shows information about active connections and statistics for various network protocols. If you run the command without specifying specific parameters, only TCP connections are displayed.

Rice. 12. Check for active TCP connections.

The tasklist command displays a list of all processes running on the system. With its help, you can get acquainted with the data received from a remote computer. Although, if additional parameters are not specified, information is displayed only about the current device.

The ipconfig utility displays information about the IP address and other parameters network adapter. Additional options are used along with the command, such as /all, which allows you to get information about each of the adapters.

Rice. 13. Getting information about network connections.

Changing system settings

The msconfig utility allows you to call up a menu with which you can change the configuration of the operating system:

a list of programs automatically loaded with the system;
launch options;
Windows boot options.

Most often, the command is used to remove or add an application to the startup tab. And sometimes they make changes to the boot order of operating systems - if two of them are installed on the computer (for example, Windows 10 and Windows XP, each of which may be more convenient for a particular user).

Rice. 14. Call the menu for changing the system configuration.

Running the regedit utility allows you to open the registry editor - one of the most useful applications with which to get rid of leftovers remote programs, make changes to services, and fix problems. It is worth noting that changing any values (not to mention deleting) is required very carefully. Errors in the registry can lead to system crashes and even reinstallation. Read also our material: TOP 3 cleaning programs Windows Registry 7.

Rice. 16. Start checking files on the system drive.

The format command, which has not changed for decades, allows you to format any disk, including USB flash drives. Selecting "format C:" formats system partition. And with the help additional options you can define a file system (/fs), set a volume label (/y), and even assign cluster sizes (/a). Without setting certain conditions, the cluster is installed automatically.

Rice. 17. Formatting disk H through the command line.

Stopping processes

The command can be used to stop a specific process. An identifier can be used for this (for example, 2616, if we are talking about graphics editor Paint) and the /pid option. In addition, when stopping, the name of the process itself and another /im parameter can be used. The same editor is closed with the taskkill /im MSPaint.exe command.

Rice. 19. A utility that restores damaged system files.

Screen cleaning

After executing a few commands, the window is filled with text, which can be a hindrance to further work. You can get rid of unnecessary data using the CLS (Clear Screen) command. After its launch, the screen is completely cleared, leaving room for further user actions.

conclusions

With the constant use of basic commands, they are easily remembered by the user. And in order to learn about new utilities or remember the names of old ones, you need to enter /help on the command line. The screen will display a list of possible commands that are unlikely to be useful for regular user, but can simplify the work of local network administrators.

Command line or as it is also called cmd in the Windows 8 operating system is the same as in the younger versions of Windows7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, it follows that the same commands work the same in all versions.

So let's first figure out how to start the command line. To do this, you must have a working computer with an operating system.

Some commands if you are working through account as a normal user, there may not be enough rights to execute for security reasons, so always run the command prompt with administrator rights. There are 2 ways to run the command line:

In the window that appears, write cmd, click OK.

A command prompt window will open with a black background.

2) More fast way: through the Win + R hotkeys, here we also write cmd in the window that appears, press ok.

In windows 8, you can only use 2 ways, since there is no start menu. Let's write our first help command which will list all available commands with brief explanations.

List of all existing Windows command line commands:

ASSOC Printing to the screen or modifying file name extension mappings.
ATTRIB View and modify file properties.
BREAK Locks or unlocks extended CTRL+C handling on a DOS system.
BCDEDIT Sets properties in the boot database that allow you to control the bootstrap.
CACLS Displays data and modifies file access control lists (ACLs).
CALL Calls one batch file from another and can also pass input arguments.
CD
CHCP Output or set encoding.
CHDIR Displays the title or moves to another folder.
CHKDSK Diagnostics of the drive for errors.
CHKNTFS Shows or changes the drive diagnostics during boot.
CLSO cleaning the display of all characters.
cmd Runs a command line program Windows strings. You can run an infinite number of them on one computer. They will work independently of each other.
COLOR Changes and sets the main background of the window and the fonts themselves.
COMP Shows the differences and compares the contents of two files.
COMPACT Changes and shows file compression in NTFS.
CONVERT Changes FAT disk volumes to NTFS. The current drive cannot be changed.
COPY Creates a copy of a file or files and places them in the specified location.
DATE Shows or sets the current date.
DEL Destroys one or more files at once.
DIR Shows the names of files and folders with their creation date, located in the current folder or specified in the folder options.
DISKCOMP Compares and shows the differences between 2 floppy drives.
DISKCOPY Creates a copy of the contents of one floppy drive to another.
DISKPART Shows and changes the properties of a disk partition.
DOSKEY Modifies and re-invokes command lines; creates macros.
DRIVERQUERY Displays information about the "state of affairs" and attributes of the device driver.
ECHO Displays textual information and changes the display mode of commands on the screen.
ENDLOCAL Ends environment localization for a batch file.
ERASE Destroys a file or files.
EXIT Terminates a command line program
FC Shows differences between two files or two sets of files and compares them
FIND Searches for a text string in files or in a single file.
FINDSTR Advanced Search text strings in files.
FOR Cycle. Repeats the execution of the same command the specified number of times
FORMAT Formatting the drive for Windows.
FSUTIL Displays and sets file system attributes.
FTYPE Provides the ability to edit and view file types, which are primarily used in file name extension matching.
GOTO Transfers control to another specified command.
GPRESULT Displays information about group policy for a computer or user.
GRAFTABL Gives Windows feature show extended character set in graphics mode.
HELP Displays all data about existing Windows commands.
ICACLS Shows, modifies, archives or restores ACLs for files and folders.
IF Executes commands based on a given condition.
LABEL Creates, modifies, and destroys volume labels for drives.
MD Creates an empty directory.
MKDIR Creates an empty directory.
MKLINK Creates symbolic and hard links
MODE Configures system devices.
MORE Sequentially displays information in blocks of one screen size.
MOVE Moves files from one location to another.
OPENFILES Shows files that are open on shared folder remote user.
PATH Displays or sets the full path to executable files.
PAUSE Terminates the execution of command line commands and prints informative text.
POPD Restores the previous active folder value that was saved with the PUSHD command.
PRINT Prints the contents of a text file.
PROMPT Modifies the prompt on the Windows command line.
PUSHD Saves the active folder value and navigates to another folder.
RD Destroys a directory.
RECOVER Resurrects readable data from a bad or damaged hard drive.
REM Places comments in batch files and the CONFIG.SYS file.
REN Changes the name of both files and folders.
RENAME Similar team REN.
REPLACE Swaps files.
RMDIR Destroys a directory.
ROBOCOPY Advanced tool for copying files and entire folders
SET Shows, installs and destroys Environment Variables Windows.
SETLOCAL Localizes environment changes in a batch file.
SC Allows you to work with services
SCHTASKS Allows you to run any program and sequentially execute the necessary commands according to a given plan
SHIFT Changes the position (shift) of the inline parameters for the batch file.
SHUTDOWN Shuts down the computer.
SORT Sorts the input according to the given parameters.
START Launches a program or command in a new window.
SUBST Assigns a drive name to the specified path.
SYSTEMINFO Displays information about the operating system and configuration of the computer.
TASKLIST Shows a list of all running processes with their IDs.
TASKKILL“Kills” or stops the process.
TIME Sets and displays the system time.
TITLE Sets the name of the window for the current session of the CMD.EXE command line interpreter
TREE Displays the directories of the drive in a convenient visual form.
TYPE Displays the contents of text files.
VER Displays brief information about the Windows version.
VERIFY Checks for file write errors on the drive.
VOL Displays labels and serial number drive volumes.
XCOPY Creates a copy of files.
WMIC Displays WMI on the command line.

12.02.15 21.3K

Why is there such chaos in the world? Yes, because the administrator of our system forgot about his duties. Or just lost the list of cmd commands from our world. Although this is a somewhat original look at the existing order of things, it nevertheless reflects part of the truth we need: using the command line, you can easily clean up your computer:

What is command line

The command line is the simplest tool for managing a computer's operating system. Management occurs with the help of a number of reserved commands and a set of characters text keyboard without mouse input in Windows operating system).

On UNIX-based systems, you can use the mouse when working with the command line.

Some of the commands came to us from MS-DOS. The command line is also called the console. It is used not only to administer the operating system, but also to manage regular programs. Most often, the most rarely used commands are included in such a set of commands.

The advantage of using basic cmd commands is that it consumes a minimum amount of system resources. And this is important in case of emergencies, when all the power of the computer, one way or another, is involved.

cmd has the ability to execute and create integers batch files, representing a certain order of execution of a number of commands (scripts). Because of this, they can be used to automate certain tasks ( account management, data archiving and more).

The Windows command shell for manipulating and redirecting commands to certain operating system utilities and tools is the Cmd.exe interpreter. It loads the console and redirects commands in a format that the system can understand.

Working with the command line in the Windows operating system

You can call the console in Windows in several ways:

Both methods involve running the console on behalf of current user. That is, with all the rights and restrictions that are imposed on its role in the operating system. To run cmd with administrator rights, you need to select the program icon in the Start menu and in context menu select the appropriate item:

After running the utility, you can get background information about commands and the format of their writing in the console. To do this, enter the help statement and press " Enter»:

Basic commands for working with files and directories

The most commonly used commands are:

RENAME - rename directories and files. Command syntax:

RENAME | REN [drive/path] original file/directory name | end filename
Example: RENAME C:UsershomeDesktoptost.txt test.txt

DEL (ERASE) - used to delete only files, not directories. Its syntax is:

DEL | ERASE [processing method] [filename]
Example: Del C:UsershomeDesktoptest.txt/P

The processing method is a special flag that allows you to implement a certain condition when deleting a file. In our example, the "P" flag enables the display of a permission dialog for deleting each file:

For more information about the possible values of the "processing method" parameter, see the technical documentation for the Windows operating system.

MD - allows you to create a folder at the specified path. Syntax:

MD [drive:] [path]
Example:
MD C:UsershomeDesktoptest1test2

The example will create a subfolder test2 in the folder test1 . If one of the root folders of the path does not exist, then it will also be created:

R.D. ( RMDIR) - delete a specific folder or all directories in the specified path. Syntax:

RD | RMDIR [process_key] [drive/path]
Example:
rmdir /s C:UsershomeDesktoptest1test2

The example uses the s flag, which will cause the entire branch of the directories specified in the path to be deleted. Therefore, you should not unnecessarily use the rmdir command with this processing switch.

In the next section, we'll take a closer look at cmd network commands.

Network Commands

The command line allows you to control not only file system PC, but also its network capabilities. The console network commands include a large number of operators for monitoring and testing the network. The most relevant of them are:

ping - the command is used to monitor the possibilities network connection PC. Remote computer a set number of packets are sent and then sent back to them. Packet transmission time and loss percentage are taken into account. Syntax:

ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v type] [-r count] [-s count] [(-j hostlist | - k hostlist)] [-w interval] [target_PC_name]

Command implementation example:
ping example.microsoft.com
ping -w 10000 192.168.239.132

In the last cmd example The ping command sends a request to the destination with the specified IP address. The interval between packets is 10,000 (10 sec). By default, this parameter is set to 4000:

tracert - used to determine the network path to the specified resource by sending a special echo message through the protocol
ICMP (Control Message Protocol). After running the command with parameters, a list of all routers through which the message path passes is displayed. The first element in the list is the first router on the side of the requested resource.

The tracer syntax of the cmd command is:
tracert [-d] [-h max_hops] [-j host_list] [-w interval] [target_resource_name]
Implementation example:
tracert -d -h 10 microsoft.com

The example traces a route to the specified resource. This increases the speed of the operation due to the use of the d parameter, which prevents the command from trying to get permission to read IP addresses. The number of transitions (jumps) is limited to 10 with the help of the set value of parameter h. By default, the number of jumps is 30:

shutdown [(-l|-s|-r|-a)] [-f] [-m [\PCName]] [-t xx] [-c "messages"] [-d[u][p]: xx:yy]
Example:
shutdown /s /t 60 /f /l /m \191.162.1.53

There will be a shutdown (s) of the remote PC (m) with the specified IP address (191.162.1.53) after 60 seconds (t). This will force you to log out of all applications ( f ) and the current user session ( l ).