In the Windows family of operating systems, to enter a character that is not on the keyboard into a document, you need to press the left or right Alt key and, while holding it, type a certain number using additional numeric keypad, called Numpad; then release the key (Alt) ... Hence the name of such combinations follows: Alt codes or Alt sequences.
Try; for example, press the left Alt and the number 1 on Numpad "e - a smiley should appear (☺):
With the Russian keyboard layout, combinations work only with left Alt key; in English - with both: left and right.
Roughly speaking, there are two types Alt codes: WITHOUT leading zero and WITH leading zero...
Combinations without a leading zero range from 1 to 255, then repeat; i.e. Alt+257 is the same as Alt+1; Alt+258 - Alt+2 and so on (256 is a kind of border).
Basic combinations with a leading zero are in the range from 0128 to 0255 and differ mainly from combinations WITHOUT a leading zero in that in different keyboard layouts they may mean different characters.
The tables show all the characters available in different systems. Therefore, if you really need Alt codes, look through all the tables to the end. You will definitely find what you are looking for.
The main device for manual input of information, commands and data. This article discusses the keyboard layout, layout, key assignment, symbols and signs.
Computer keyboard: principle of operation
Basic keyboard functions do not need special software. The drivers required for its operation are already available in the BIOS ROM. Therefore, the computer responds to the commands of the main keyboard keys immediately after being turned on.
How the keyboard works:
- After pressing a key, the keyboard chip generates a scan code.
- The scan code enters the port integrated into the motherboard.
- The keyboard port tells the processor a fixed interrupt number.
- Having received a fixed interrupt number, the processor turns to special. region random access memory, containing the interrupt vector - a list of data. Each entry in the data list contains the address of the program serving the interrupt, which matches the entry number.
- Having determined the program entry, the processor proceeds to its execution.
- The interrupt handler program then directs the processor to the keyboard port, where it finds the scan code. Further, under the control of the handler, the processor determines which of the characters corresponds to this scan code.
- The handler sends code to the keyboard buffer, notifying the processor, and then terminates.
- The processor moves to the pending task.
- The entered character is stored in the keyboard buffer until it is picked up by the program for which it is intended, for example, text Microsoft editor word.
Photo of a computer keyboard and key assignment
The standard keyboard has more than 100 keys divided into functional groups. Below picture is shown - photo of computer keyboard with a description of the key groups.
Alphanumeric keys
The alphanumeric keys are used to enter information and spell commands. Each of the keys can work in different registers, as well as denote several characters.
Switching the case (inputting lowercase and uppercase characters) is carried out by holding the Shift key. For hard (permanent) case switching, Caps Lock is used.
If computer keyboard is used to enter text data, the paragraph is closed by pressing the Enter key. Next, data entry starts with newline. When the keyboard is used to enter commands, Enter terminates the input and starts its execution.
Function keys
Function keys are located at the top of the keyboard and they consist of 12 buttons F1 - F12. Their functions and properties depend on the running program, and in some cases operating system.
A common function in many programs is the F1 key, which calls up help, where you can find out the functions of other buttons.
Special keys
Special keys are located next to the alphanumeric group of buttons. Due to the fact that users often resort to using them, they have an increased size. These include:
- Shift and Enter discussed earlier.
- Alt and Ctrl are used in combination with other keyboard keys to form special commands.
- Tab is used for tabulation when typing.
- Win - opens the start menu.
- Esc - refusal to use the started operation.
- BACKSPACE - delete the characters just entered.
- Print Screen - print the current screen or save a snapshot of it to the clipboard.
- Scroll Lock - switches the operating mode in some programs.
- Pause/Break - pause/interrupt the current process.
Cursor keys
The cursor keys are located to the right of the alphanumeric pad. The cursor is a screen element that indicates where information is entered. The arrow keys move the cursor in the direction of the arrows.
Additional keys:
- Page Up/Page Down - move the cursor one page up/down.
- Home and End - move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line.
- Insert - traditionally switches the data entry mode between insert and replace. IN different programs, the effect of the Insert button may be different.
Additional numeric keypad
The additional numeric keypad duplicates the actions of the numeric and some other keys of the main input panel. To use it, you must first enable the Num Lock button. Also, additional keyboard keys can be used to control the cursor.
Keyboard shortcut
When a certain key combination is pressed, this or that command is executed for the computer.
Frequently used keyboard shortcuts:
- Ctrl + Shift + Esc - Open Task Manager.
- Ctrl + F - search box in the active program.
- Ctrl + A - Selects all content in the open window.
- Ctrl + C - copy the selection.
- Ctrl + V - paste from clipboard.
- Ctrl + P - print the current document.
- Ctrl + Z - cancel the current action.
- Ctrl + X - cut the selected section of text.
- Ctrl + Shift + → select text by words (start at cursor position).
- Ctrl + Esc - Opens/Closes the Start menu.
- Alt + Printscreen - screenshot of the active program window.
- Alt + F4 - closes the active application.
- Shift + Delete - permanent deletion of the object (past the trash).
- Shift + F10 - call context menu active object.
- Win + Pause - system properties.
- Win + E - launches the explorer.
- Win + D - Minimizes all open windows.
- Win + F1 - Opens Windows Help.
- Win + F - Brings up the search box.
- Win + L - lock the computer.
- Win + R - open "Start the program."
Keyboard symbols
Surely, many users have noticed symbols for nicknames and other social networks. How to make symbols on the keyboard if there are no explicit keys for this?
You can put characters on the keyboard using Alt-codes - additional commands for entering hidden characters. These commands are entered by simply pressing the Alt key + a decimal number.
You can often find questions: how to make a heart on the keyboard, an infinity sign or a euro on the keyboard?
- alt+3=
- Alt+8734 = ∞
- Alt + 0128 = €
These and other symbols on the keyboard are represented in the following tables in the form of figures. The "Alt code" column contains a numeric value, after entering which, in combination with the Alt key, a certain character will be displayed. The character column contains the final result.
Please note if additional numeric keypad not enabled - Num Lock is not pressed, then the key combination Alt + number can lead to unexpected results.
For example, if you press Alt + 4 in the browser, without Num Lock enabled, the previous page will open.
Punctuation marks on the keyboard
Sometimes users, when trying to put a punctuation mark on the keyboard, do not get exactly what they expected. This is due to the fact that a different keyboard layout implies a different use of the keyboard shortcut.
Below is how to put punctuation marks on the keyboard.
Cyrillic punctuation marks
- » (quotes) - Shift + 2
- No. (number) - Shift + 3
- ; (semicolon) - Shift + 4
- % (percentage) - Shift + 5
- : (colon) - Shift + 6
- ? (question mark) - Shift + 7
- ((open bracket) - Shift + 9
- - (dash) - button with the inscription "-"
- , (comma) - Shift + "dot"
- + (plus) - Shift + button with a plus sign "+"
- . (dot) - button to the right of the letter "U"
Latin punctuation marks
- ~ (tilde) - Shift + Yo
- ! (Exclamation point) - Shift + 1
- @ (dog - used in the address Email) - Shift + 2
- # (pound) - Shift + 3
- $ (dollar) - Shift + 4
- % (percentage) - Shift + 5
- ^ - Shift + 6
- & (ampersand) - Shift + 7
- * (multiply or asterisk) - Shift + 8
- ((open bracket) - Shift + 9
- ) (close bracket) - Shift + 0
- - (dash) - a key on the keyboard with the inscription "-"
- + (plus) - Shift and +
- = (equal to) – equals sign button
- , (comma) - key with the Russian letter "B"
- . (dot) - a key with the Russian letter "U"
- < (левая угловая скобка) — Shift + Б
- > (right angle bracket) - Shift + Yu
- ? (question mark) - Shift + question mark button (to the right of "Y")
- ; (semicolon) - the letter "Ж"
- : (colon) - Shift + "W"
- [ (left square bracket) - Russian letter "X"
- ] (right square bracket) - "Ъ"
- ( (left curly bracket) - Shift + Russian letter "X"
- ) (right curly brace) - Shift + "Ъ"
Computer keyboard layout
Computer keyboard layout- a scheme for assigning symbols of national alphabets to specific keys. Switching the keyboard layout is performed programmatically - one of the functions of the operating system.
On Windows, you can change the keyboard layout by pressing Alt + Shift or Ctrl + Shift. Typical keyboard layouts are English and Russian.
If necessary, you can change or add the keyboard language in Windows 7 by going to Start - Control Panel - Clock, language and region (sub-item "change keyboard layout or other input methods").
In the window that opens, select the "Languages and keyboards" tab - "Change keyboard". Then, in the new window, on the "General" tab, click "Add" and select the desired input language. Don't forget to save your changes by clicking OK.
Virtual computer keyboard
Virtual keyboard- a separate program, or an add-on included in the software. With its help, letters and symbols are entered from the computer screen using the mouse cursor.
The virtual keyboard is needed, for example, to save confidential data (login and password). When entering data using a regular keyboard, there is a risk of information being intercepted by malicious spyware. Then, through the Internet, the information is transmitted to the attacker.
Find and download virtual keyboard possible with the help search engines, it won't take much of your time. If Kaspersky Anti-Virus is installed on your PC, you can launch the virtual keyboard through the main program window, it is included in it.
Screen keyboard
Screen keyboard located on touch screen, smartphone, pressing on it occurs with the user's fingers. Sometimes it is called virtual.
To launch the On-Screen Keyboard in Windows 7, go to Start - All Programs - Accessories - then Ease of Access - On-Screen Keyboard. It looks like this.
To switch the keyboard layout, use the corresponding buttons on the taskbar (near the date with time, at the bottom left of the monitor screen).
What to do if the keyboard does not work
If your keyboard suddenly stops working - do not rush to get upset, first find out what caused the breakdown. All the reasons due to which it does not work can be divided into hardware and software.
In the first case, if the keyboard hardware is broken, it is very problematic to fix the problem without special skills. Sometimes it's easier to replace it with a new one.
Before you say goodbye to a seemingly faulty keyboard, check the cable that it is connected to system unit He may have moved away a bit. If everything is OK with the cable, make sure that the breakdown is not caused software failure computer. To do this, restart your PC.
If, after a reboot, the keyboard does not show signs of life, try to shake it up using the available in Windows solutions. The sequence of actions is shown on the example of Windows 7, if you have a different version of the operating Windows systems- act by analogy. The principle is about the same, the names of the menu sections may differ slightly.
Go to Start - Control Panel - Hardware and Sound - Device Manager. In the window that opens, if you have problems with the keyboard, it will be marked with a yellow label with an exclamation point. Select it with the mouse and select Action - Delete from the menu. Close Device Manager after uninstallation.
Return to the "Hardware and Sound" tab and select "Add a device". After searching for hardware, your keyboard will be found and its drivers will be installed.
If the hardware installation was successful and the failure of the keyboard was due to a software failure, the Num Lock key light on the keyboard will light up.
If it was not possible to fix the problem, then a temporary solution may be.
These days, the computer keyboard, like the mouse, is considered a low-value device. However, she plays an important role in working with a computer.
Existing symbols - and these are not only letters, numbers, mathematical and punctuation signs, and many others - are much larger than the keys on a computer keyboard. Microsoft employees who developed Windows system, solved this problem by assigning each character unique code, which is entered using the Alt key.
To get acquainted with the list of all existing symbols, you need to go to the "Start" menu and then:
All Programs -> Accessories -> System Tools -> Symbol Table
This will open the character table in Unicode.
For reference: Unicode is a character encoding standard that allows you to represent the characters of almost all written languages. Unicode was originally created to eliminate encoding errors.
To translate the table into an encoding convenient for you, you need to check the box next to " Additional options view" and use the drop-down menu to select the required character set ("Cyrillic" for the Russian language).
Alt codes
To dial the Alt code, you need to hold down the Alt key and press the indicated digits of the code one by one, after which the Alt key is released. The symbol will appear when the key is released.
HTML mnemonics
In addition to Alt codes, the table contains HTML mnemonics.
A mnemonic is the encoding of a character in HTML that begins with the ampersand "&" and ends with a semicolon ";".
Accordingly, in HTML, for example, the greater than symbol can be written in two ways:
> - as a regular character
> - as a mnemonic code;
A character can only be displayed if it is represented in the font being used. Otherwise, you'll see a rectangle, a question mark, and something else indicating no image for the specified character.
Now this problem successfully solved thanks to the included fonts.
Keyboard special character table
| Symbol | Alt+ | Mnemonics | Name/purpose |
| Most Useful Symbols | |||
| - | 151 | — | em dash(m-dash), for Russian, the spelling is the only correct one |
| « | 171 | « | opening quotation mark "Christmas tree" |
| » | 187 | » | closing quotation mark "Christmas tree" |
| 160 | non-breaking space (words separated by such a space are always on the same line) | ||
| … | 133 | … | ellipsis |
| „ | 132 | „ | double bottom quote |
| “ | 147 | “ | double left quote |
| ” | 148 | ” | double right quote |
| ‚ | 130 | ‚ | single bottom quote |
| ‘ | 145 | ‘ | single left quote |
| ’ | 146 | ’ | single right quote |
| © | 169 | copyright (mark of copyright protection) | |
| ™ | 153 | ™ | trademark |
| ® | 174 | ® | trademark protection mark |
| – | 150 | - | middle dash (n-dash) |
| " | 34 | " | programmer's double quote |
| < | 60 | < | "less than" sign |
| > | 62 | > | greater than sign |
| ‘ | 39 | " | regular single quote (located to the left of the Enter key) |
| & | 38 | & | ampersand |
| ° | 248 (176) | ° | degree sign |
| № | 252 (185) | № | number sign (Shift+3 in Russian layout) |
| √ | 251 | √ | Square root |
| · | 250 (183) | · | interpunct (point for word separation in Latin writing) |
| ¤ | 253 (164) | ¤ | currency sign |
| € | 0136 (0128) | € | Euro symbol |
| ¥ | 165 | ¥ | yen symbol |
| ¢ | 162 | ¢ | cent symbol (American) |
| £ | 163 | £ | pound symbol (British) |
| × | 215 | × | multiplication sign |
| ÷ | 247 | ÷ | division sign |
| − | - | − | minus sign (correct, not the same as minus-hyphen) |
| + | 43 | + | plus sign |
| ± | 177 | ± | plus or minus |
| ¹ | 185 | ¹ | superscript "1" |
| ² | 178 | ² | superscript "2" |
| ³ | 179 | ³ | superscript "3" |
| ‰ | 137 | ‰ | ppm |
| 173 | - | "soft" transfer (means that in this place the browser, at its discretion, can transfer part of the word) | |
| Arrows | |||
| 16 | right | ||
| ◄ | 17 | ◄ | to the left |
| ▲ | 30 | ▲ | up |
| ▼ | 31 | ▼ | down |
| 18 | ↕ | up down | |
| ↔ | 29 | ↔ | left-right |
| 24 | up | ||
| ↓ | 25 | ↓ | down |
| → | 26 | → | right |
| ← | 27 | ← | to the left |
| ¶ | 20(182) | ¶ | paragraph character |
| § | 21(167) | § | paragraph symbol |
| ` | 96 | - | typewritten backtick (to the left of the 1 key, above Tab) |
| Other symbols | |||
| 1 | - | smiley | |
| ☻ | 2 | - | inverted emoticon |
| 3 | hearts (heart) | ||
| ♦ | 4 | ♦ | diamonds |
| ♣ | 5 | ♣ | clubs (crosses) |
| ♠ | 6 | ♠ | peaks |
| 7(149) | . | list marker | |
| ♂ | 11 | - | male gender designation (symbol of the planet Mars) |
| ♀ | 12 | - | female designation (mirror of Venus) |
| ƒ | 131 | ƒ | latin f with "tail" |
| † | 134 | † | cross |
| ‡ | 135 | ‡ | double cross |
| ¡ | 161 | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark |
| ¦ | 166 | ¦ | "torn" vertical bar |
| ¬ | 172 | ¬ | negation sign |
| µ | 181 | µ | symbol "micro" (used in the SI system to indicate the corresponding prefix) |
| Greek lowercase letters | |||
| α | - | α | alpha |
| β | - | β | beta |
| γ | - | γ | gamma |
| δ | - | δ | delta |
| ε | - | ε | epsilon |
| ζ | - | ζ | zeta |
| η | - | η | this |
| θ | - | θ | theta |
| ι | - | ι | iota |
| κ | - | κ | kappa |
| λ | - | λ | lambda |
| μ | - | μ | mu |
| ν | - | ν | nude |
| ξ | - | ξ | xi |
| ο | - | ο | omicron |
| π | - | π | pi |
| ρ | - | ρ | ro |
| σ | - | σ | sigma |
| τ | - | τ | tau |
| υ | - | υ | upsilon |
| φ | - | φ | fi |
| χ | - | χ | hee |
| ψ | - | ψ | psi |
| ω | - | ω | omega |
| Greek capital letters | |||
| Α | - | Α | alpha |
| Β | - | Β | beta |
| Γ | - | Γ | gamma |
| Δ | - | Δ | delta |
| Ε | - | Ε | epsilon |
| Ζ | - | Ζ | zeta |
| Η | - | Η | this |
| Θ | - | Θ | theta |
| Ι | - | Ι | iota |
| Κ | - | Κ | kappa |
| Λ | - | Λ | lambda |
| Μ | - | Μ | mu |
| Ν | - | Ν | nude |
| Ξ | - | Ξ | xi |
| Ο | - | Ο | omicron |
| Π | - | Π | pi |
| Ρ | - | Ρ | ro |
| Σ | - | Σ | sigma |
| Τ | - | Τ | tau |
| Υ | - | Υ | upsilon |
| Φ | - | Φ | fi |
| Χ | - | Χ | hee |
| Ψ | - | Ψ | psi |
| Ω | - | Ω | omega |
| Fractions | |||
| ½ | 189 | ½ | fraction "one-half" |
| ⅓ | - | ⅓ | fraction "one third" |
| ¼ | 188 | ¼ | fraction "one quarter" |
| ⅕ | ⅕ | fraction "one fifth" | |
| ⅙ | - | ⅙ | fraction "one sixth" |
| ⅛ | - | ⅛ | fraction "one eighth" |
| ⅔ | - | ⅔ | fraction "two thirds" |
| ⅖ | - | ⅖ | fraction "two-fifths" |
| ¾ | 190 | ¾ | fraction "three-fourths" |
| ⅗ | - | ⅗ | three-fifths fraction |
| ⅜ | - | ⅜ | fraction "three eighths" |
| ⅘ | - | ⅘ | fraction "four-fifths" |
| ⅚ | - | ⅚ | fraction "five sixths" |
| ⅝ | - | ⅝ | fraction "five-eighths" |
| ⅞ | - | ⅞ | fraction "seven eighths" |
Every computer user, especially those who actively use social networks, wondered: what are special characters and where can I find them on the keyboard? The answer to this question is not something complicated. The thing is that only frequently used symbols are displayed on the keyboard: letters, punctuation marks, arithmetic operations.
But there are many other symbols in the world. And to use them, you need to know some concepts. Such characters are called special. Their difference is that they are more comic than really useful.
How to enter special characters from the keyboard?
To begin with, let's analyze the simplest and most understandable input of special characters that are already located on the device's keyboard. To do this, hold down the Shift key and select the desired character.
But do not forget that for convenience, the characters are separated by keyboard layouts. Therefore, pay attention to the location of the sign relative to the main one.
Using special characters when creating passwords
Many users wondered how to create strong password. To do this, you do not need to create huge sets of various letters, numbers and punctuation marks, just use an unusual icon. So how do you use special characters on the keyboard for a password?
To use a special character when entering a password, you must enable NumLock. After that, hold down the Alt and "+" keys, then type the required set of characters and get the sign we need. But in the password itself, it will not be registered as a special character, but will be written in the encoding necessary for this.
Using Unicode on the Windows 10 Keyboard
To use special characters Windows keyboard 10, you need to go to the taskbar and query the table in the search line. And after that run this application.
In the table that opens, you can select the font. To copy a symbol, double-click on it and click "Copy" on the bottom line. You can also select the character set language.
Entering special characters using the keyboard
The most practical way to type characters is to combine the Alt key and the desired unicode. Special characters on the Alt keyboard will be discussed in the table below.
But before you learn about them, you need to understand the principle of entering these characters. To enter the character we need, press the Alt key, then press "+" on the right side of the keyboard and type the numeric command in which the desired character is encrypted.
Tables of special characters to describe text
And now, in fact, consider what some special characters look like. Many of them are used infrequently.
| Name | Symbolism | View | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 160 | gap without breaks | ||
| iexcl | 161 | ¡ | exclamation point upside down |
| cent | 162 | ¢ | cent |
| pounds | 163 | £ | GBP |
| euro | 0128 | € | Euro |
| 8591 | ₪ | shekel | |
| curren | 164 | ¤ | currency unit |
| yen | 165 | yen or yuan | |
| 166 | ¦ | dotted vertical bar | |
| sect | 167 | § | paragraph |
| uml | 168 | ¨ | diaeresis |
| copy | 169 | copyright sign | |
| ordf | 170 | ª | ordinal numerator (feminine) |
| 186 | º | ordinal numerator (male) | |
| 171 | « | opening quotation mark | |
| 187 | » | closing quote | |
| not | 172 | ¬ | negation |
| 173 | place of possible transfer | ||
| 176 | ° | degree | |
| permil | ‰ | ppm | |
| acute | 180 | ´ | accent mark |
| micro | 181 | µ | micro |
| para | 182 | ¶ | paragraph symbol |
| middot | 183 | · | dot |
| cedil | 184 | ¸ | cedilla |
| sup1 | 185 | ¹ | superscript (unit) |
| 175 | the sign of longitude above the vowel is placed on top | ||
| requests | 191 | ¿ | question mark upside down |
| 174 | ® | registered trademark mark |
Table of special characters - arrows
And these special characters are perfect for any schemes. This table worth having on hand.
Punctuation table
Well, you can’t do without these signs at all when writing articles. They are familiar to everyone without exception.
| Name | Symbolism | View | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| bull | 8226 | . | small black circle |
| hellip | 8230 | … | ellipsis |
| prime | 8242 | ′ | single stroke - minutes and feet |
| 8243 | ″ | double stroke - seconds and inches | |
| 8254 | ‾ | underscore | |
| frasl | 8260 | ⁄ | slash to the right |
| Basic punctuation | |||
| ndash | 8211 | - | dash |
| mdash | 8212 | — | em dash |
| lsquo | 8216 | ‘ | left single quote |
| 8217 | ’ | right single quote | |
| 8218 | ‚ | single quote (bottom) | |
| 8220 | “ | double quote (left slope) | |
| 8221 | ” | double quote (right slope) | |
| 8222 | „ | double quote (lower) | |
Table of arithmetic signs
Such signs are just a godsend for a mathematician. None can be recorded without their help.
| Name | Symbolism | View | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| times | 215 | × | multiplication sign |
| divide | 247 | ÷ | division sign |
| frasl | 8260 | ⁄ | fractional bar |
| minus | 8722 | − | minus sign |
| il | 60 | < | less sign |
| gt | 62 | > | greater sign |
| le | 8804 | ≤ | less or equal |
| ge | 8805 | ≥ | more or equal |
| 8776 | ≈ | asymptotically equal to | |
| ne | 8800 | ≠ | inequality |
| equiv | 8801 | ≡ | identical, identical with |
| plusmn | 177 | ± | plus or minus |
| frac14 | 188 | ¼ | one quarter |
| frac12 | 189 | ½ | a half |
| frac34 | 190 | ¾ | three quarters |
| sup1 | 185 | ¹ | superscript unit |
| 178 | ² | two in superscript (square) | |
| 179 | ³ | three in superscript (cube) | |
| 8730 | √ | square root (radical) | |
| 8734 | ∞ | infinity sign | |
| sum | 8721 | ∑ | summation sign |
| 8719 | ∏ | product mark | |
| part | 8706 | ∂ | partial differential |
| int | 8747 | ∫ | integral |
| forall | 8704 | ∀ | for all |
| exist | 8707 | ∃ | exists |
| empty | 8709 | ∅ | empty set; diameter |
| 8711 | ∇ | nabla | |
| isin | 8712 | ∈ | belongs |
| notin | 8713 | ∉ | do not belong |
| ni | 8715 | ∋ | contains |
| lowast | 8727 | ∗ | asterisk operator |
| prop | 8733 | ∝ | proportionately |
| ang | 8736 | ∠ | corner |
| and | 8743 | ∧ | logical AND |
| or | 8744 | ∨ | logical OR |
| cap | 8745 | ∩ | intersection |
| cup | 8746 | ∪ | Union |
| there4 | 8756 | ∴ | hence |
| sim | 8764 | similar sign - "changes from" - tilde sign | |
| 8773 | ≅ | approximately equal to | |
| sub | 8834 | ⊂ | it is a subset |
| sup | 8835 | ⊃ | it is a superset |
| nsub | 8836 | ⊄ | is not a subset |
| sube | 8838 | ⊆ | is a subset of either |
| 8839 | ⊇ | is a superset or equal to | |
| 8853 | ⊕ | plus in a circle | |
| otimes | 8855 | ⊗ | multiplication sign in a circle |
| 8869 | ⊥ | orthogonal, perpendicular | |
| sdot | 8901 | ⋅ | dot operator |
| fnot | 402 | ƒ | function sign |
Table of Latin, Greek and Hebrew letters
Not many, of course, will use these signs when working with a computer. However, knowing about them will not interfere with the overall development.
| Name | Symbolism | View | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letters | |||
| Agrave | 192 | À | capital A with blunt accent |
| 193 | Á | And with a sharp accent | |
| Acirc | 194 | Â | A with a circumflex (diacritic over a vowel) |
| 195 | Ã | And with a tilde | |
| Auml | 196 | Ä | And with a triple (a sign above a vowel to pronounce it separately from the previous vowel) |
| 197 | Å | And with the top circle | |
| AElig | 198 | Æ | AE symbols |
| Ccedil | 199 | Ç | C with cedilla |
| egrave | 200 | È | E with blunt accent |
| 201 | É | E with acute accent | |
| 202 | Ê | E with circumflex (diacritic over vowel) | |
| 203 | Ë | E with trema | |
| Igrave | 204 | Ì | I with blunt accent |
| 205 | Í | I with acute accent | |
| Icirc | 206 | Î | I with circumflex |
| Iuml | 207 | Ï | I with trema |
| ETH | 208 | Ð | ETH symbols |
| Ntilde | 209 | Ñ | N with tilde |
| Ograve | 210 | Ò | O with blunt accent |
| 211 | Ó | O with acute accent | |
| Ocirc | 212 | Ô | O circumflex |
| Otilde | 213 | Õ | O with tilde |
| Ouml | 214 | Ö | O with trema |
| Oslash | 216 | Ø | O with stroke |
| Ugrave | 217 | Ù | U with blunt accent |
| 218 | Ú | U with acute accent | |
| 219 | Û | U circumflex | |
| Uuml | 220 | Ü | U with trema |
| Yacute | 221 | Ý | Y with acute accent |
| THORN | 222 | Þ | THORN |
| agrave | 224 | à | lowercase A with blunt accent |
| 225 | á | And with a sharp accent | |
| acirc | 226 | â | And with a circumflex |
| atilde | 227 | ã | And with a tilde |
| auml | 228 | ä | And with three |
| ring | 229 | å | And with the top circle |
| aelig | 230 | æ | Ae |
| ccedil | 231 | ç | And with cedilla |
| egrave | 232 | è | E with blunt accent |
| 233 | é | E with acute accent | |
| 234 | ê | E circumflex | |
| euml | 235 | ë | E with trema |
| igrave | 236 | ì | I with blunt accent |
| 237 | í | I with acute accent | |
| icirc | 238 | î | I with circumflex |
| iuml | 239 | ï | I with trema |
| eth | 240 | ð | eth characters |
| ntilde | 241 | ñ | N with tilde |
| ograve | 242 | ò | O with blunt accent |
| 243 | ó | O with acute accent | |
| ocirc | 244 | ô | O circumflex |
| otilde | 245 | õ | I with tilde |
| ouml | 246 | ö | I with trema |
| oslash | 248 | ø | O with stroke |
| ugrave | 249 | ù | U with blunt accent |
| 250 | ú | U with acute accent | |
| 251 | û | U circumflex | |
| uuml | 252 | ü | U with trema |
| yacute | 253 | ý | Y with acute impact |
| thorn | 254 | þ | thorn |
| yuml | 255 | ÿ | Y with trema |
| Greek alphabet letters | |||
| 913 | Α | greek capital letter alpha | |
| 914 | Β | beta | |
| 915 | Γ | greek capital letter gamma | |
| 916 | Δ | delta | |
| 917 | Ε | greek capital letter epsilon | |
| 918 | Ζ | zeta | |
| 919 | greek capital letter eta | ||
| 920 | Θ | theta | |
| 921 | Ι | greek capital letter iota | |
| 922 | Κ | kappa | |
| 923 | Λ | greek capital letter lambda | |
| 924 | Μ | mu | |
| 925 | greek capital letter nu | ||
| 926 | Ξ | xi | |
| 927 | Ο | greek capital letter omicron | |
| 928 | Π | pi | |
| 929 | greek capital letter rho | ||
| 931 | Σ | sigma | |
| 932 | greek capital letter tau | ||
| 933 | Υ | upsilon | |
| 934 | greek capital letter phi | ||
| 935 | Χ | hee | |
| 936 | greek capital letter psi | ||
| 937 | Ω | omega | |
| 945 | α | greek small letter alpha | |
| 946 | β | beta | |
| 947 | γ | greek small letter gamma | |
| 948 | δ | delta | |
| 949 | ε | greek small letter epsilon | |
| 950 | ζ | zeta | |
| 951 | Greek small letter eta | ||
| 952 | θ | theta | |
| 953 | ι | greek small letter iota | |
| 954 | κ | kappa | |
| 955 | λ | greek small letter lambda | |
| 956 | μ | mu | |
| 957 | greek small letter nu | ||
| 958 | ξ | xi | |
| 959 | ο | greek small letter omicron | |
| 960 | π | pi | |
| 961 | greek small letter rho | ||
| 962 | ς | sigma (final) | |
| 963 | σ | Greek small letter sigma | |
| 964 | τ | tau | |
| 965 | υ | greek small letter upsilon | |
| 966 | φ | fi | |
| 967 | Greek small letter chi | ||
| 968 | ψ | psi | |
| 969 | ω | greek small letter omega | |
| Hebrew letters | |||
| 1488 | א | aleph | |
| 1489 | ב | bet | |
| 1490 | ג | gimel | |
| 1491 | ד | fared | |
| 1492 | ה | neck | |
| 1493 | ו | wav | |
| 1494 | ז | zain | |
| 1495 | ח | hat | |
| 1496 | ט | thet | |
| 1497 | י | yod | |
| 1498 | ך | cafe soffit | |
| 1499 | כ | cafe | |
| 1500 | ל | lamed | |
| 1501 | ם | ma'am soffit | |
| 1502 | מ | ma'am | |
| 1503 | ן | nun soffit | |
| 1504 | נ | nun | |
| 1505 | ס | sameh | |
| 1506 | ע | ayin | |
| 1507 | ף | pay-soffit | |
| 1508 | פ | pay | |
| 1509 | ץ | tzaddik-soffit | |
| 1510 | צ | tzaddik | |
| 1511 | ק | kuf | |
| 1512 | ר | reysh | |
| 1513 | ש | tires | |
| 1514 | ת | tav | |
Additional symbol table
Here are some more helpful signs. Maybe someday they will come in handy for you too.
| Name | Symbolism | View | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9824 | ♠ | spade suit sign | |
| 9827 | ♣ | sign of the suit "clubs" | |
| 9829 | sign of the suit "hearts" | ||
| 9830 | ♦ | suit sign "diamonds" | |
| 9674 | ◊ | rhombus | |
| 9675 | ○ | circle | |
| 9679 | ● | black circle | |
| 9668 | ◄ | triangle left | |
| 9660 | ▼ | black triangle down | |
| 9658 | black triangle right | ||
| 9650 | ▲ | black triangle up | |
| 9632 | ■ | black square | |
| 9642 | ▪ | black square | |
| 9643 | ▫ | square | |
| 9792 | ♀ | feminine | |
| 9794 | masculinity | ||
| 34 | " | double quote | |
| amp | 38 | & | ampersand |
| lt | 60 | < | "less than" sign |
| gt | 62 | > | more sign |
| circ | 710 | ˆ | circumflex symbol |
| tilde | 732 | ˜ | tilde |
| trade | 8482 | ™ | trade mark sign |
Finally
There are many symbols in the world that computer users need to use for their own purposes. It is impossible to know all of them. After all, humanity over its centuries-old history has created more than a million different codes and other types of information encoded in the image, but there are tables of special characters that are available to all users.
These signs have a huge scope, so many will have to face them. Entering special characters from the keyboard is easy. The main thing is to be able to use the capabilities of your device, and this will allow you to use various special characters for your own purposes.
Some characters that are not in the image on the keyboard button. These can be symbols such as: double arrows "and", degree sign °, copyright symbol and others.
In order to type characters on the keyboard that are missing, you can use different methods.
The simplest of which is to use text editor MS Word or spreadsheet Excell from the Office suite.
To do this, just enter it and select the Insert tab.
and then either leave it as is or copy it to another program.
Second way- is to take advantage special utility on Windows, which is called symbol table and you can find it:
Start - All Programs - Accessories - System Tools
and then at the very end of the list
This window will appear, in which there are all characters from various fonts installed in the system:
After you select the desired symbol from the table (by clicking on it with LMB) (1), you need to press the button Choose(2) and it will appear at the bottom in the field "To copy:" (3) , then press the button Copy(4) and the desired character will be saved to the clipboard, for later pasting it where you need it.
small addition.
In order not to look for a specific type of characters, you can put a grouping.
For example, I want only "Symbols and signs" to be displayed.
1) Check the box "Advanced Options"
2) Character set - Unicode
3) Grouping - Unicode Ranges
4) A window will appear with a choice of Grouping, in which we select "Symbols and icons"
Here, now in the table there are only symbols and icons. Of course, if you do not want symbols, but arrows, mathematical operators, punctuation, etc. - then put this filter in the grouping.
The third way is for the lazy.
The fact is that in Windows there are special keys for quickly inserting these same characters, for example:
only these hotkeys are not used for every icon, but for some.
| Alt+0167 | § paragraph | Alt+0176 | ° degree |
| Alt+0169 | copyright sign | Alt+0137 | ‰ ppm sign |
| Alt+0153 | ™ trade mark sign | Alt+0177 | ± plus or minus |
| Alt+0215 | × multiplication sign | ?????Alt+0247 | ÷ division sign |
| Alt+0126 | ~ tilde | Alt+0136 | € euro sign |
| Alt+0174 | ® Registered | Alt+0167 | § paragraph |
| Alt+0171 | « open quotes | Alt+0187 | » close quotes |
Here is an important note: in order to insert a character that is not on the keyboard, you need to hold down the key alt and then press 4 numbers after the plus sign on digital block keyboards. Of course, you must have Num Lock enabled for this block to work.
Also, if it does not work, then try with the English keyboard layout.
Of course, this is not the whole list, it is just for reference.
Especially for the visitors of my site, I picked up a small list that includes not only the symbols presented above, but also many others. And for convenience, I made it in a simple Notepad and packed it into an archive.
Well, for the very lazy, a small selection - just copy and paste.
Emoticons
☺ ☻ ☹ ㋛
ソ ッ ヅ ツ ゾ シ ジ ت ټ 〠
͡๏̯͡๏ ͡๏̮͡๏ ٩(̾●̮̃̾͡.̃̾)۶ ٩(̾●̮̮̃̾.̃̾)۶ (.̪●) 鸒
Arrows
▲ △ ▷ ▼ ∇ ▽ ◀ ◁
↔ ↕ ← ↖ ↗ → ↘ ↓ ↙ ⇦ ⇧ ⇨ ⇩⇐ ⇑
⇒ ⇓ ⇔ ⇕ ⇖ ⇗ ⇘ ⇙ ⇚ ⇛ ⇄ ⇅ ⇆ ⇇ ⇈ ⇉ ⇊
↰ ↱ ↲ ↳ ↴ ↵ ↶ ↷ ➜ ➡ ➨
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Signs
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