To create an object - a folder, a shortcut, text document– in the Explorer window or My computer you need to do the following:
· on the menu File specify the command Create and select the object type (for example, Folder) (Fig. 4.23) or use the command of the same name in the context menu;
· an icon for a new object and a label created by default will appear in the window. As an example in Fig. Figure 4.24 shows the icon and caption displayed in the window after selecting a command New, Folder;
· Enter a new object name and press Enter.
Rice. 4.23. Menu commands File, New
Rice. 4.24. New folder icon and label created by default
Files and folders, like any other objects, can be copied, moved, deleted, and renamed. In this section, we will use the word "object" to refer to files and folders.
To copy, move, delete, or rename an object, you must first highlight. To do this, click the object with the mouse - its icon and caption will change color. You can remove the selection by clicking any free space on the screen.
To select several objects at once, you need to hold down the Ctrl key while selecting them (Fig. 4.25). To select objects located in a row, press the Shift key and click on the first and last object. To select all objects in the window, select the command Select all on the menu Edit or press Ctrl+A. To deselect one or more objects without deselecting the others, press the Ctrl key and click the object from which you are deselecting.
Rice. 4.25. Selecting Multiple Objects
Copy object consists in duplicating it and playing it in another folder, on another disk or computer. During the copying process, a progress indicator appears on the screen (Fig. 4.26), reflecting the copying process. The inscription above the indicator shows the file name, as well as which folder is being copied to which. During this process Below the indicator indicates how much longer the copying will take.
Rice. 4.26. Progress indicator showing copy progress
You can move and copy an object in several ways:
· using menu commands;
· using buttons on the toolbar that duplicate menu commands;
· by dragging with the mouse.
You can copy or move an object from one drive to another or from one folder to another. To move/copy an object in the Explorer window or My computer using menu commands Edit you need to perform the following steps (Fig. 4.27):
· select an object in the window;
· select from the menu Edit team Cut to move the selected object or command Copy– to copy an object. The same commands can be selected in the context menu that appears on the screen after clicking right click mice on the object;
· select the folder into which the object will be inserted and select from the menu Edit team Insert.
The commands specified in the last two paragraphs can be selected in the context menu.
Rice. 4.27. Copy an object using menu commands
An object can be moved or copied with the mouse using the drag and drop method. To copy/move an object with the mouse, proceed as follows.
1. In the left pane of the Explorer window, click the folder containing the item you want to move to display it in the right pane of the window.
2. Using the scroll bar, position the folder tree so that the folder into which the object is copied/moved is visible.
3. Place the mouse pointer on the icon of the object being moved, click left button and, without releasing the button, drag its icon from the right area of the Explorer window to the icon of the desired folder located in the left area of the window.
As you drag, the mouse pointer moves on the screen along with the object icon. Dragging an object to a folder located on the same drive moves it, and dragging it to another drive causes it to be copied. To copy an item to another folder on the same drive, hold down the Ctrl key while dragging the icon.
When you copy an object with the mouse, a square with a “+” icon appears next to the pointer arrow.
When the mouse pointer with an object icon approaches a folder, the latter is highlighted in color (Fig. 4.28).
Rice. 4.28. Highlight a folder when the mouse pointer with an object icon approaches it
If you move an object while holding down the right mouse button, a context menu will appear from which you can select a command Copy,Move, Create shortcuts or Cancel(Fig. 4.29).
0
Rice. 4.29. Menu that appears after moving an object with the mouse while holding down the right button
To copy a file/folder to a floppy disk, you usually do the following:
Insert the floppy disk into the drive;
· select the required file or folder in the window;
· on the menu File choose a team and name floppy disk, to which the copy should be made, for example Send,Disc 3.5 (A) .
Currently, most computers are equipped with CD-R and CD-RW drives. Recordable (CD-R) and rewritable (CD-RW) CDs are easier to store information than floppy disks, and many people use them for storage. software, photos, necessary files and folders. You can burn an audio CD using Windows Player. Let us remind you that the volume of a standard CD is 650 MB, high-density is 700 MB or more. No additional software is required to burn a CD.
To copy files and folders to a CD, follow these steps:
· insert a blank CD into the drive;
· press the button Start, right click menu item My computer and select the command in the context menu Conductor;
· select files and folders that need to be recorded: right-click them while holding down the Ctrl key;
· select commands in the context menu Send, CD- RWdrive;
· in the window conductor on the menu File select a team Burn files to CD.
The burning process is facilitated by the CD Burning Wizard, which creates a folder that has the same size as the files being burned.
The CD burning software included with Windows XP is a lightweight version of Roxio's Easy CD Creator. For full-featured disc management software, you can use Nero Ahead Software (http://www.nero.com) or Roxio Easy CD Creator (http://www.roxio.com). When using a recording program that is not included with the operating system, it is advisable to disable the built-in tools Windows entries to avoid conflicts between these products.
When you save or copy a file to a CD, the operating system first creates temporary files that play the complete image of the CD on your computer's hard drive, and then transfers the data to the CD burner for final burning. When burning a CD, it is recommended to have at least 1 GB of free space on your hard drive for temporary files.
When working with a file or folder, sometimes it becomes necessary change their name.
To change the folder/file name, select the required icon in the Explorer window or My computer, choose a team Rename from the menu File and enter a new name. The same command is contained in the context menu that appears after right-clicking on an object.
Delete file, folder or shortcut after selecting the object icon in the following ways.
1. Select a team Delete menu File.
2. Press the button Delete on the toolbar.
3. Press the Delete key.
4. Drag the icon of the object to be deleted with the mouse into the trash (see the “Trash” section below). The icon of the dragged object will disappear.
5. Drag the object icon to the trash by clicking the right mouse button. After the button is released, a context menu will appear with a list of commands: Move and Cancel.
In Windows, the deleted object is not destroyed, but is moved to the Recycle Bin for temporary storage. If you need to immediately delete an object without placing it in the trash, press the Shift and Delete keys simultaneously.
When you try to delete a folder/file, a window appears asking you to confirm the removal of the object (Fig. 4.30). The request avoids accidentally deleting an object. By checking the appropriate boxes in the Recycle Bin properties window on the Global tab, you can delete an object without placing it in the Recycle Bin and without receiving a prompt asking you to confirm the deletion.
Simultaneous deletion of a group of files is performed after they have been selected.
For cancellations in the window My computer or explorer of the last operation of moving, copying or renaming an object, select the command Cancel … on the menu Edit or press the button Cancel on the toolbar Regular buttons. The command can also be called using the Ctrl+z keys.
Compression files and folders are produced for their more compact placement on the media, reducing the time of their transfer over the network. Compressed files and the folders are archived. Accordingly, programs that pack and unpack files are called archivers.
Archiving files and folders located on the hard drive to a device with magnetic tape (streamer) connected to the computer, to floppy disks or HDD(including on a network drive) is necessary to protect data from losses resulting from power outages, equipment failure, incorrect software operation, and user errors. In case of damage source files they can be restored by accessing the archive.
Currently, several dozen archiving programs are used: ARJ, AIN, ACE, IMP, LHA, PETITE, Zip, Rar. Windows XP provides full support for archives in ZIP format. The user can easily create archives, view their contents and extract files and folders from them. You can get detailed information about a compressed object (name, type, location, size before and after compression, etc.) by right-clicking it and selecting Properties.
When you move a file from a regular folder to a compressed folder, it is compressed. Working with a compressed folder is the same as working with a regular folder. Double-clicking an item in a compressed folder launches the program that created it and opens the file or folder. To extract one file/folder from the archive, drag it to another folder with the mouse. To extract all objects, select the compressed folder in the window, select File and team Extract all– the wizard program for extracting files and folders from the archive will start.
Computer objects Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers to questions, Informatics 6th grade Bosova GDZ, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answersExercise 1
What is a file?
Solution
A file is an area on a storage device of some kind that contains logically combined information and is named by a specific name.
Task 2
What parts does a file name consist of?
Solution
The file name consists of two parts separated by a dot:
a) name - to the point;
b) expansion - after.
Task 3
What rules should you follow when writing a file name?
Solution
It is better to name the file in Latin letters, using no more than 9 characters.
Task 4
Describe the disk file storage system.
Solution
Each disk is divided into two areas - a file storage area and a directory. The directory contains the name of the file and an indication of where it begins on disk. If we draw an analogy between a disk and a book, the file storage area corresponds to its contents, and the directory corresponds to the table of contents. Moreover, a book consists of pages, and a disk consists of sectors.
Task 5
What actions can you perform with files?
Solution
The file can be: opened, scanned for viruses, renamed, copied, sent by mail, deleted.
Task 6
What actions should I avoid when working with files?
Solution
1) delete the file without clearly determining whether this should be done;
2) give the file a name that does not explain its contents;
3) save the file in a folder where it will be difficult to find later;
4) delete or move files located in folders application programs- this may cause programs to stop working.
Task 7
Name the properties of the operating system object "Desktop".
Solution
1) icons and labels Windows objects;
2) windows of open applications;
3) the taskbar containing the "Start" button, the display panel and a number of desktop toolbars;
4) the Desktop background, containing a uniform background, background image or active elements of the Desktop. As you work, there may be additional objects: folder windows, dialog boxes, application windows, etc.
Task 8
One of the actions in the operating system object's context menu is always highlighted in bold. What action is this? Why was it chosen? How can I perform this action without a context menu?
Solution
In the context menu of an operating system object, the Open action is always highlighted in bold. This action was selected because the system considers this action to be the most likely to be performed by this object. This action without a context menu can be performed by clicking the left mouse button.
Task 9
As you know, actions on the main objects of the operating system can be performed in several ways: using menu commands; using toolbar buttons that duplicate menu commands; using context menu commands; using Drag&Drop technology. Why do you think so many methods are needed? Why didn't the developers give preference to one of them?
Solution
In Windows, for the convenience of users, a huge number of functions have been created, often interchanging each other. One person, for example, will select the context menu to control an object, another will select the menu bar. Every person has a habit; someone who is used to acting in one way will consider that another way is inconvenient and is not needed at all.
Task 10
What's happened
Target laboratory work
Studying the basic operations of working with objects of the Windows XP operating system (creating, moving, copying, deleting) files, folders, shortcuts.
software products
Equipment
Materials: Handout.
Software products : operating system Windows XP.
Work order
1. Set up “My Computer”:
Drive C: open a separate window for each folder,
Objects: in table form;
Sort by name;
Show all files;
Show file extensions and full path in the title.
2. In the MY DOCUMENTS folder, create a GROUP folder, in the GROUP folder, create the NEW, TEST and TEST folders.
3. In the TEST folder, create shortcuts for the “My Computer”, “Trash” programs and the FILES folder.
4. Copy 15 files no larger than 30 KB into the FILES folder, of which: 5 with the extension *.txt, 5 with the extension *.bmp, 5 with the extension *.doc.
5. Copy the 4 newest files to the TEST folder from the FILES folder.
6. Move the 2 largest files to the NEW folder from the FILES folder.
7. In the TEST folder using NOTEBAD create 3 text file, assign them attributes: 2 – read-only, 1 – hidden.
8. In the NEW folder, delete and restore 1 file.
9. Move the TEST and NEW folders to the TEST folder.
10. Set the “BASKET” volume to 1%.
11. Find files created in the past month that contain the word MICROSOFT in the text.
12. Delete created objects.
Report form
Order of protection
LABORATORY WORK No. 2
Topic: "Operating Windows system XP.
Utilities, working with the clipboard"
Purpose of laboratory work
Studying the basic operations of working with utilities of the Windows XP operating system (text editors, graphics editor, data exchange between applications via the clipboard).
Equipment, materials used,
software products
Equipment: multimedia complex, personal computers.
Materials: Handout.
Software products: Windows XP operating system, utility Windows programs XP.
Work order
1. Create a document: drawing and header in PAINT, text in Wordpad (use tabulation when creating text).
2. Insert a picture into the text via the clipboard.
Report
Sales of system units
No. Name Date Price, $
1 Samsung 01.03 204
2 X-Ring 02.05 250
3 Lizard 05.07 215
4 Sony 06.09 305
5 Phillips 07.11 202
Director Ivanov I.I.
Chief accountant Petrov P.P.
– sin 54 o 25";
– ((18+9)/14,5*5)*8+15=;
– average value of numbers: 15; 18; 25.9; 134.8; 18.4; 125.1.
Report form
The results of laboratory work are compiled electronically in accordance with the assignment.
Order of protection
Defense of the results of laboratory work is carried out orally and in writing (calculation results) with the subsequent issuance of a set number of points in the point-rating assessment system.
LABORATORY WORK No. 3
Topic: “Word 2007 window structure. Formatting basics
And editing a text document"
Purpose of laboratory work
Studying the basic elements of the Word 2007 interface, as well as techniques for formatting and editing a text document.
Equipment, materials used,
software products
Equipment: multimedia complex, personal computers.
Materials: Handout.
Software products: Windows XP operating system, text Word editor 2007.
Work order
(Text - four chapters with headings (chapter 1, 2, 3, 4) and subheadings (in which...) in each chapter).
Format the text characters, paragraphs and pages according to the following requirements:
1. Page settings: paper – 19.5 x 27.5 cm; margins – left, right – 1.5 cm, top, bottom – 2 cm; binding margin – 1.2 cm.
2. Text formatting:
2.1. Headings chapters (chapter one, two, three, four):
– font: ARIAL, style – bold, size – 22 pt, digit – 5 pt, character scale 140%;
– paragraph: center alignment, before/after paragraph – 6 points;
2.2. Subheadings chapters (in which...):
– font: TIMES NEW ROMAN, style – italics, size – 18 pt, underlining – words only;
– paragraph: paragraph indentation on the left/right – 2 cm, alignment – centered, line spacing– exactly 22 points, before/after the paragraph – 12 points;
2.3. Basic text:
– font: TIMES NEW ROMAN, size – 14 pt.
– paragraph: first line – indent by 1.8 cm, line spacing – 18 points, alignment – width, before/after paragraph – 4 points;
3. The first paragraph of each chapter: drop cap – 3 lines high, font – ARIAL, distance to text – 0.4 cm.
4. The title of each chapter is on new page; framing pages with a frame.
5. Place page numbering (bottom center) and hyphens.
6. Check spelling.
7. Header: on even-numbered pages – “Task by WORD”; on odd numbers - your Surname and I.O.
8. Divide the last chapter into two columns with a separator (no title or subtitle; do not include a drop cap).
9. Insert 2 footnotes into the text - Yalo - the name Olya on the contrary, Gurd - the friend on the contrary.
Report form
The results of laboratory work are compiled electronically in accordance with the assignment.
Order of protection
The defense of laboratory work results is carried out orally, followed by the assignment of a set number of points in the point-rating assessment system.
LABORATORY WORK No. 4
Set of file operations
The OS file system must provide users with a set of operations for working with files, formatted as system calls. Different operating systems have different sets of file operations. The most common system calls for working with files are [ 13 , 17 ]:
- Create. The file is created without data. This system call announces the arrival of a new file and allows you to set some of its attributes;
- Delete. Unnecessary file deleted to free up disk space;
- Olien (opening). Before using a file, you must open it. This call allows you to read file attributes and a list of disk addresses for quick access to the contents of the file;
- Close Once operations with a file are complete, its attributes and disk addresses are no longer needed. The file should be closed to free up space in the internal table;
- Read (reading). The file is read from the current position. The process running the file must specify (open) a buffer and the amount of data to read;
- Write (record). Data is written to the file at the current position. If it is at the end of the file, its size automatically increases. Otherwise, the write is done over existing data;
- Append (adding). This is a truncated form of the previous call. The data is appended to the end of the file;
- Seek (search). This system call sets the file pointer to a specific position;
- Get attributes. For processes to work with files, it may be extremely important to obtain their attributes;
- Set attributes. This call allows you to set the necessary attributes for a file after it has been created;
- Rename. This system call allows you to change the file name. In this case, this action can be performed by copying the file. For this reason, this system call is not necessary;
- Execute. Using this system call, the file can be executed.
Let's look at examples of file operations in Windows 2000 and UNIX. Like other operating systems, Windows 2000 has its own set of system calls that it can perform. However, Microsoft has never published a list of Windows system calls, and it constantly changes them from one release to another. Instead, Microsoft defined a set of function calls called the Win 32 API (Win 32 Application Programming Interface). These calls are published and fully documented. Οʜᴎ are library procedures that either make system calls to do the required work or do it directly in user space.
The philosophy of the Win 32 API is to provide a comprehensive interface, with the ability to fulfill the same requirement in several (three to four) ways. In UNIX OS, all system calls form a minimal interface: removing even one of them will reduce the functionality of the OS.
Many API calls create kernel objects of one type or another (files, processes, threads, pipes, etc.). Each call that creates an object returns a result called a handle (a small integer) to the calling process. The handle is used subsequently to perform operations on objects. It must not be passed on to or used by another process. However, under certain circumstances, the handle must be duplicated and passed to another process in a secure manner, which gives the second process controlled access to an object owned by the first process. Each object is associated with a security descriptor that describes who can and cannot perform what actions on that object.
The main functions of the Win 32 API for file I/O and the corresponding UNIX OS system calls are given below.
The situation is similar to file operations with directory management operations. The main Win 32 API functions and UNIX system calls for directory management are listed below.
Methods for performing file operations
Most often, the user performs not one, but a sequence of operations with the same file. Regardless of the set of these operations operating system It is extremely important to perform a number of constant (universal) actions for all operations.
- Using the symbolic file name, find its characteristics, which are stored in the file system on disk.
- Copy the characteristics into RAM, since only in this case program code can use them.
- Based on the file characteristics, check the user's rights to perform the requested operation.
- Clear the memory area allocated for temporary storage of file characteristics.
At the same time, each operation includes a number of actions unique to it, for example, reading a certain set of disk clusters, deleting a file, changing its attributes, etc.
The OS can perform a sequence of actions on files in two ways (see Fig. rice. 7.22).
- For each operation, both universal and unique actions are performed. Such a scheme is sometimes called a stateless scheme.
- All universal actions are performed at the beginning and end of a sequence of operations, and for each intermediate operation only unique actions are performed.
Rice. 7.22. Options for performing a sequence of actions on files
The vast majority of file systems support the second method, as it is more economical and faster. Moreover, the first method is more resistant to system failures, since each operation is self-sufficient and does not depend on the result of the previous one. For this reason, the first method is sometimes used in distributed network file systems, where failures due to packet loss or failure of one of the network nodes are more likely than local access to the data.
In the second method, two special system calls are introduced into the FS: open and close. The first is performed before the start of any sequence of operations with the file, and the second - after finishing working with the file.
The main purpose of the open call is to convert the symbolic file name into its unique numeric name, copying the file characteristics from the disk area to the buffer random access memory and checking the user's rights to perform the requested operation. Calling close frees the file's buffer and makes it impossible to continue operations on the file without reopening it.
Here are some examples of system calls for working with files. The UNIX create system call takes two arguments: the symbolic name of the file to open and the security mode. So team
fd = create("abc", mode);
creates a file abc with the protection mode specified in the mode variable. The mode bits determine who can access the files and the level of access they are granted. The create system call not only creates new file, but also opens it for writing. To allow subsequent system calls to access the file, a successful create system call returns a small non-negative integer - the file descriptor - fd. If a system call is executed on an existing file, the length of that file is reduced to 0 and all contents are lost.
To read data from or write data to an existing file, the file must first be opened using the open system call with two arguments: the symbolic name of the file and the mode of opening the file (write, read, or both), for example
fd = open("file", how);
The create and open system calls return the smallest unused in this moment file descriptor. When a program begins execution in the standard manner, files with descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are already open to standard input, standard output, and standard error.
The C language standard does not have I/O facilities. All input/output operations are implemented using functions contained in the language library supplied as part of the C programming system. The standard input stream is referenced through the stdin pointer, the output stream is stdout, and the error message stream is stderr. By default, the stdin input stream is assigned to the keyboard, and the stdout and stderr streams are assigned to the display screen.
For input/output of data using standard streams, the C library defines the following functions:
- getchar ()/putchar () – input/output of a single character;
- gets ()/ puts () – line input/output;
- scanf ()/ printf () – input/output in data formatting mode.
A process can at any time organize data input from the standard input file by executing a symbolic call:
read(stdin, buffer, nbyts);
The output to the standard output file is organized in the same way.
write(stdout, buffer, nbytes).
When working in Windows 2000, you can use the CreateFile function to create a file and get a handle to it. The same function should be used to open an existing file, since the Win 32 API does not have a special File Open function. Function parameters are usually numerous; for example, the CreateFile function has seven parameters:
- a pointer to the name of the file to be created or opened;
- flags (bits) indicating whether the file can be read, written, or both;
- flags indicating whether this file open simultaneously by several processes;
- a pointer to the security descriptor, a message about who can access the file;
- flags that tell you what to do if the file exists or, conversely, does not exist;
- flags controlling archiving, compression, etc.;
- a file descriptor whose attributes should be cloned for the new file,
Fd = CreateFile("data", GENERIC_READ, O, NULL, OPEN_EXSTING, O, NULL).
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