Presentation of computer classification methods. Classification of modern computers presentation for a lesson in informatics and ict (grade 7) on the topic

Publication date: 11.07.2016

Short description:

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER DEVICES Prepared by: teacher of computer science and ICT MBOU secondary school No. 37 Krasnodar Solodukhina E.A.

Input Devices Keyboard Pointing Mouse Trackball Touchpad Graphics tablet Joysticks Digital and Webcam Scanner

Storage devices Floppy disk Discs (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW) Volatile memory cards Flash card

Computer Monitor Peripherals Printer Scanner Modem Webcam System unit Motherboard RAM HDD HDD Sound card LAN card video card CPU Power supply Cooling system Control devices Mouse Keyboard Joystick

The system unit, the main part of the computer, where all computing processes take place. The system unit is quite complex and consists of various components.

The main input device of the majority computer systems is the keyboard. The keyboard in one form or another is likely to remain the main input device, even despite the development of speech recognition technologies. The keyboard is a set of mechanical sensors that perceive pressure on the keys and close in one way or another a certain electrical circuit. The basic principle of the keyboard is to scan the key switches, and the closing or opening of any of them corresponds to its own unique digital code.

Modern keyboards have from 101 to 105 keys for various purposes: Alphanumeric or character keys for entering letters of the English and national alphabets, as well as numbers and various characters, Service keys (Enter, Tab, Esc, Insert, Delete and others) for performing certain actions, for example, to end text input, delete a character, etc., Cursor keys (Home, End, PageUp, PageDown), Control keys (Shift , Ctrl, Alt), pressed in combination with other keys and changing their value, Function keys(F1 to F12) used to access certain functions in various programs, Keypad used to quickly enter numbers and mathematical operations. Cursor keys

In the optical-mechanical mouse manipulator, the main working body is a massive ball (metal, covered with rubber), the rotation of which is converted into the movement of the mouse pointer on the monitor screen. At present, widespread optical mice, in which a light source placed inside the mouse illuminates the surface, and the reflected light is captured and converted to the movement of the mouse pointer on the screen. The mouse usually has two control buttons, which are used when working with GUI programs. Currently, mice have appeared with an additional wheel, which is located between the buttons. It is designed to scroll up or down images and texts that do not fit entirely on the screen.

A trackball is not much different from a mouse. In essence, it is the same mouse, but turned upside down, more precisely, turned upside down with a ball. If you need to move the mouse around the table and, while rolling the ball, control the movement of the marker on the screen, then in the trackball you just need to twist the ball itself in different directions with your fingers or palm. IN laptop computers The trackball is often built right next to the keyboard, or clipped onto the side or front of the computer keyboard. However, keyboards with a built-in trackball are also available for desktop computers. And in the most portable computers, instead of a mouse and a trackball, they now use a tiny pointer - a small colored pin sticking out among the keys on the keyboard, which, like a joystick, can be pressed in different directions.

Touchpad - a surface that can recognize touches on it. A controller is supplied with the surface, which converts them into digital signal understood by a conventional computer. The uniqueness of the touch panel idea allows you to install the device in three steps: Applying the touch panel to a regular monitor, Connecting the controller connected to the touch glass to the computer, Installing the driver for the operating system. But most often touch panels are used on portable computers. With convenience, reliability and a variety of applications, sensor technologies help people in everyday life: work, study and leisure. This technology is intended for both advanced users and people who are unfamiliar with computer technology. Entering information by touch is simple and natural, so working with touch screen does not require training. An intuitive communication system eliminates errors, and the instantaneous response of the impact on the touch screen in some cases is the determining factor in the choice of equipment.

At present, infrared Touchpad. Advantages of infrared technology: Durability. All components (line of light and photodiodes) are located in the display frame. Unlike resistive and capacitive technologies, IR touch displays do not use fragile translucent touch coatings. Scratches, dirt, and even cracks do not affect the functionality of the touchpad. No calibration required. Calibration stability is based on 100% digital positioning. It is controlled by any opaque object - a pencil, a gloved hand. Quality Image. No conductive coatings on glass.

Joystick - an information input device made in the form of a control handle, shaped like a car speed switch or an airplane steering wheel. The joystick is mainly used for computer games.

Another input device graphic information in a computer is an optical scanning device, commonly referred to as a scanner. The scanner is the eyes of the computer. Initially, they were created specifically for entering graphic images, drawings, photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, diagrams. The quality of the scanned image obtained depends on the type of scanner. However, in addition to graphics input, they are now increasingly used in fairly complex intelligent OCD or Optical Character Recognition systems, that is, optical character recognition. These smart systems allow you to enter into the computer and read text. Scanners come in various designs: Handheld, Flatbed, Drum, Projection.

The monitor is a universal information output device. Desktop computers usually use cathode ray tube monitors, which can be a source of radiation harmful to humans. Modern monitors comply with strict sanitary and hygienic requirements and do not adversely affect human health.

In portable and handheld computers, flat-panel monitors on liquid crystals are used. Recently, such monitors have been used in desktop computers. The advantage of liquid crystal monitors is their compactness and the absence of radiation. Information on the monitor screen is presented as a raster image, which is formed from individual dots (pixels). Bitmap consists of a certain number of lines, which in turn contain a certain number of points

Printers are designed to output to paper (create a hard copy) of numerical, textual and graphic information. According to the principle of operation, printers are divided into: Dot-matrix, Inkjet, Laser.

The hard disk is used for long-term storage of information, it contains the programs necessary for the operation of the computer (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and user files (Mail files, if used mail client, video, music, pictures.).

A video card - a board inside the system unit, designed to connect the system unit and the monitor, transmits the image to the monitor and takes over part of the calculations for preparing the image for the monitor. Image quality depends on the video card. The video card has its own built-in RAM and your image processor. The higher the frequency of the processor of the video card and the more memory of the video card, the more cool (later released) games you can play on your computer.

Sound card - designed for preparation sound signals played back by speakers. The sound card is usually built into motherboard, but it can also be structurally separated and connected via a bus.

A network card is a board, a device that is installed in the motherboard or built into it. A network card is used to connect a computer to other computers via local network or to connect to the Internet.

CD / DVD-ROM - a device for reading / writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. These devices differ in the speed of reading or writing information, as well as the ability to read / write various media. It's hard to find anything other than omnivorous CD-ROMs on the market these days. Modern CD-ROMs are capable of reading and writing both CDs and DVDs of various sizes.

slide 2

All computers are divided into large and small

The class of large computers is made up of systems that have great computing power and are designed to serve several users at the same time. In turn, small computers are designed to assist a person in everyday work with current information.

slide 3

Large computers are divided into

Supercomputers - possessing enormous computing power, based on the multiprocessor principle of information processing. As a rule, such machines are produced in single copies and are used in areas where fast analysis of large information flows is required.

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Servers - powerful computers V computer networks, which provide services to computers connected to them, provide their resources for use by other users and provide access to other networks. Often servers specialize in servicing workstations in a particular area. Depending on the purpose, the following types of servers are defined: application server, file server, archive server, fax server, mail server, print server, teleconferencing server.

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Small computers are classified into

Personal. The main purpose is to perform routine work: searching for information, compiling standard forms of documentation, preparing texts of various kinds, etc. Accessibility and universality personal computers It is provided due to the presence of the following characteristics: user-friendliness of the human interaction interface, low cost, small size and no special requirements for environmental conditions, open architecture, a large number of software tools for various fields of application, high reliability.

slide 6

Portable. These computers are easily portable. They are often designed in the form of suitcases or folders.

Slide 7

Production. Are intended for use in production conditions. They are integrated into the technological process of production of some products, they control production lines and machines.

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PCs and workstations

Servers

Mainframes

Cluster architectures

To software terminology

Program

Software

Software Tool

Software package

A program is a complete product that can be run by its author on the system on which it was developed.

Software - a program that anyone can run, test, fix and develop. Such a program should be written in a generalized style, thoroughly tested, and accompanied by detailed documentation.

Such definitions are located, for example, at http://mf.grsu.by/Kafedry/kaf001/academic_process/048/28

SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW LECTURE. For students of the specialty

T1002 " Software information technologies» (A.M.Kadan, Ph.D., Associate Professor)

Software Tool is a program or a logically related set of programs on data carriers, provided with program documentation.

Software package - a set of interacting programs, consistent in functions and formats, well-defined interfaces, and together complete remedy for big tasks.

GOST 19781-90 SOFTWARE FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS Terms and definitions

Software of data processing systems. Terms and definitions

Program (Program) - data intended to control specific components of the information processing system in order to implement a specific algorithm

Program (en program): - see GOST 19781.

Software product (en software product: Software intended to be delivered,

transfer, sale to the user.

GOST 28806-90 SOFTWARE QUALITY Terms and definitions

software quality. Terms and definitions

software tool; PS (en software):

An entity consisting of programs, procedures, rules, and, where applicable, associated documentation and data relating to the operation of an information processing system.

Note. A software tool is specific information that objectively exists as a set of all properties of each of the material objects that are significant from the point of view of its representation, containing this information in a fixed form.

Glossary (glossary.ru)

Software product- a program or a logically related set of programs:

- recorded on data carriers;

- being a product of industrial production;

- supplied with program documentation;

Intended for wide distribution through sale or through freeware, shareware, or OEM methods.

Software package- a set of interacting programs:

- agreed on functions and formats;

- having uniform, well-defined interfaces; constituting a complete tool for solving large problems.

The presentation "Classification of modern computers" was made in MS PowerPoint 2003 and allows you to systematize knowledge about the terms currently used to refer to the varieties of modern computers. All terms are given with explanations and each term (name) is associated with an image.

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Classification of modern computers Developed by: computer science teacher Isupov S. L. Izhevsk 2014 Ministry of Education and Science of the Udmurt Republic MBOU "Secondary School No. 59"

Personal computers Servers Supercomputers

Desktops Portable Subnotebooks Notebooks Netbooks Ultrabooks Tablets Desktops Nettops Monoblocks Smartbooks

Desktop Desktop computer(English desktop computer) - a stationary personal computer designed to work in an office or at home.

Nettop Nettop (English nettop) - a small desktop PC in size of its system unit. The term ″Nettop″ is derived from ″InterNET″ and ″deskTOP″. It is used in conjunction with the server and when using ″cloud″ technologies.

Monoblock Monoblock (Greek μονος - one) - combines a monitor and system unit in one case, it is used to reduce the area occupied by the equipment and give a more aesthetic appearance.

Notebook Notebook (English notebook - notepad) or laptop (English lap - knees, top - top) - a portable personal computer, in the case of which the display, keyboard and pointing device (usually a touch panel, or touchpad) are combined, as well as batteries .

Netbook Netbook (eng. Netbook, net - network, book - book) - a laptop with relatively low performance, designed mainly for accessing the Internet. It has a small screen size of 7-12 inches, low power consumption, light weight and relatively low cost.

Subnotebook A subnotebook, or ultraportable laptop, is small and light and has most of the features of a regular laptop.

Ultrabook An ultrabook is an ultra-thin and light subnotebook that is even smaller and lighter than a regular laptop, but with most of the characteristics of a full-fledged laptop.

Smartbook Smartbook (eng. Smartbook from smart phone - smart phone and note book - notepad) or PDA (Pocket PC) is a small laptop built on the hardware platform of the same class that is used for smartphones and tablet computers.

Tablet Tablet computer (eng. Tablet computer or electronic tablet) is a collective concept that includes various types of mobile devices with touch screen. tablet computer can be controlled with the touch of a hand or stylus.

Server A server is a computer allocated from a group of personal computers to perform a service task without direct human participation. Distinguish server working group, domain controller server, web server, e-mail server, file server, etc.

Supercomputer Modern supercomputers are a large number of high-performance server computers connected to each other by a local high-speed backbone to achieve maximum performance. Lomonosov supercomputer built by T-Platforms for Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.

In addition to the above, there are also various hybrid devices.

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