Information systems in management decisions. Strategic Information Systems

Introduction
Chapter 1. History of the development of ISU
Chapter 2. Interaction of IMS subsystems
2.1. Main directions of ISU
2.2. The impact of MIS on the performance of the organization
2.3. Human functions in MIS
2.4. Difficult MIS issues
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

The scientific and technological revolution, which unfolded widely in the second half of the 20th century, gave rise to hopes that with the help of new scientific disciplines and new technology, difficult problems and contradictions of human life would be resolved.

Automation and Creation information systems are on this moment one of the most resource-intensive areas of activity of the technogenic society. One of the reasons for the active development of this area is that automation serves as the basis for a fundamental change in management processes that play an important role in the activities of man and society. Control systems arise, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of an object using a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing, transmitting information and generating control signals or commands).

There are many types of information systems:

data processing systems;
management information systems;
marketing systems;
accounting systems and others used in various organizations.

Important functions among them are performed by management information systems.

Management Information Systems (MIS) – these are any systems that provide people with data or information about the operations performed in an organization. MIS are used in the activities of employees, owners, customers and other key individuals in the organizational environment.

These individuals are supported either by efficient processing of data to assist in the performance of transaction-related work (transaction is a recorded business transaction) or by efficient provision of information to officials.

Chapter 1. History of the development of ISU

ISU - are systems based on constantly evolving concepts of information use.

The first information management systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting calculating machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for the preparation of paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: issuing invoices, invoices, compiling payrolls and other accounting operations.

In the 60s. facilities computer science have been further developed:

operating systems appear;
disk technology;
programming languages are getting better.

The development of computer technology has led to the emergence of new opportunities in the automation of various activities, for example, the preparation of reporting documentation. The attitude to information systems is changing. The information obtained with their help began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Systems are coming management reports(SLA) focused on decision makers.

In the 70s. information systems continue to develop rapidly. At this time there are:

the first microprocessors;
interactive display devices;
database technology;
user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with the program without studying its description).

These advances created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information on pre-established reporting forms, DSS provide it as the need arises.

There are 3 stages of decision making:

informational;
design;
selection stage.

At the information stage, the environment is investigated, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. At the design stage, possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and evaluated.

At the selection stage, a certain alternative is justified and selected, organizing the monitoring of its implementation. DSS use equipment, software, data, model database and manager's work to support all stages of decision-making by direct users-managers in the process of analytical modeling based on the provided set of technologies. These systems meet the individual needs of users for information.

The most important goal of the DSS is is to provide information generation technology, as well as technological support for decision-making in general.

In the 70-80s. offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. These technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, Email etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

1980s are also characterized by the fact that information Technology began to claim a new role in the organization: companies discovered that information systems are strategic weapons. Information systems of this period, providing on time necessary information, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.

Information technology, developing, affects competition in the following ways:

replace old competition rules with new ones;
create opportunities to achieve competitive advantages through new ways to get ahead of the opponent;
give rise to completely new types of economic activity, using for this purpose the operations already existing in the organization.

Chapter 2. Interaction of IMS subsystems

Transaction processing systems assist in the execution of transactions. Processing transactions, they saturate the information system with data, registering the execution of operations. This data is then used in the operation of management reporting systems and decision support systems. JMAs periodically prepare information in the form of reports in predetermined forms. These reports are then used by managers to make decisions. DSS are also used by managers, but to make decisions based on their own models.

2.1. Main directions of ISU

There are many areas of IMS:

data resources;
strategic planning;
software development;
telecommunication systems;
application portfolios, etc.

Among all areas, strategic planning should be singled out: this area has maintained a high priority for many years.

A long-range planning process undertaken by an organization to establish a goal and determine how the goal will be achieved.

There are also: tactical and operational planning.

Strategic planning - performs by senior management, developing a general strategy, long-term goals and objectives of the organization, as well as monitoring the implementation of the strategy and its adjustment.

Tactical planning - carries out the middle management team, which develops short- and medium-term plans, estimates, sub-goals, breaks down the strategy by departments, attracting and allocating resources, as well as controlling the work of subordinate organizational units. The operational (controlling) management develops short-term plans and programs, controls the use of resources and the implementation of the tasks set by specific working groups.

2.2. The impact of MIS on the performance of the organization

MIS influence many characteristics of an organization.

Let's consider in more detail the most important of them:

1. Labor productivity (operational efficiency). It has to do with the speed, cost, and quality of performing routine tasks. Transaction processing systems are used by organizations to increase productivity. For example, to manage inventory in a warehouse in order to reduce the costs associated with their maintenance. At the same time, the computer determines the optimal stock of products in the warehouse, monitors the current quantity. Another example is increasing the productivity of office workers with the help of text editors. This reduces the preparation time of the text, especially in cases where the text is revised several times. Also productivity in the office is increased through the use of desktop publishing systems and presentation graphics systems.

2. Functional efficiency can be improved through the use of DSS. For example, American Express, a credit card company, uses systems to improve the efficiency of credit approval functions. artificial intelligence. These systems combine the skill of all the best managers on credit.

3. Quality of customer service. An example is the use of banking machines (ATMs). A normal ATM operates 24 hours a day every day. It allows you to withdraw cash from your account at any time of the day.

4. Creation and improvement of products. Products are of two types: information-intensive and traditional. Information-intensive products are produced in banking, insurance, financial services, etc. Information-intensive products can be created and improved on the basis of modern information technologies.

5. MIS open up the opportunity for the company to change the basis of competition. For example, in the 70s. one major distributor of magazines and newspapers began to record information about weekly deliveries and returns of printed matter from each seller. After that, he used a program that determined the income per unit area of each publication for each seller, then compared the results, grouping them according to economically and ethnically similar areas. After that, the distributor informed each of the sellers of the optimal range of publications for his area. This allowed distributors and retailers to increase their income.

6. Securing customers and alienating competitors. Competitive Advantage Information Systems (CAIS) serve the strategic needs of an organization. ISCPs give instant and fast access to information about the most important factors influencing the achievement of the firm's objectives. But the main thing is that ISCOs produce such information products and services that help attract customers to their firm at the expense of competitors' customers. For example, banking plastic cards give more reliable protection from theft of cash, so the client often chooses the bank that provides services in the form of plastic cards.

ISCP - it is actually a complex of many other types of IP. Market conditions require firms, banks, corporations to constantly look for new opportunities to increase competitiveness. Recently, significant advantages have been created through the use of telecommunications, local, corporate, and global computer networks. Firstly, they allow attracting customers by reducing the time of service or providing them with comfort, and secondly, they improve the quality and efficiency of the work of managers in the decision-making process due to the rapid collection of data from regional divisions and operational data analysis.

2.3. Human functions in MIS

Any information system implies the participation of people in its work. Among the personnel related to information systems, there are such categories as end users, programmers, system analysts, database administrators, etc.

A programmer is traditionally called a person who writes programs. The person who uses the result of the work computer program is called the end user. A systems analyst is a person who assesses the needs of users in the use of a computer, and also designs information systems that meet these needs.

In the field of economic management, two categories of specialists work with information systems: managing end users and data processing specialists. An end user is one who uses an information system or the information it produces. Data scientists professionally analyze, design and develop the system.

2.4. Difficult MIS issues

When conducting practical activities in the field of MIS, in many cases it is impossible to be sure that the definition of the problem and its solution were done correctly or in the best way. This is because there are so many complex issues in MIS that people who design and use MIS face.

Among these questions are the following:

1. MIS includes a wide variety of data areas that are difficult to reconcile.

These areas include:

functional areas of business (accounting, finance, marketing);
behavior of people in the organization;
computers;
Data management;
telecommunications;
computer networks, etc.

2. Information technology is developing very quickly and unpredictably. Every week there are reports of new technological developments. These messages come from various sources and in a chaotic manner, so for those people who need to know about recent achievements very hard to keep up recent changes. There is a need to create methods for comparing various trends in the development of information technologies, problems, and opportunities.

3. The rapid pace of development of computer technology leads to frequent rethinking and changing the terminological apparatus. This problem is exacerbated by the continuous release of new information technologies, and this makes it difficult to agree on what constitutes an IMS.

4. The accumulated knowledge in the field of MIS is new and relatively scarce, since MIS was recognized as a serious discipline only in the 60s. The formation of knowledge in the field of IMS is also hampered by the fact that there is no possibility of conducting experiments.

5. There is not enough trust and sympathy between ISU staff and managers. Researchers argue that often MIS personnel are fond of the subject of their profession, not paying enough attention to the needs of the organization.

6. Doesn't exist universal methods to determine the cost of MIS. This problem is in last years has become very important due to the sharp increase in MIS investment.

Conclusion

Today, information technology affects not only the processing of data, but also the way people do work, products, and the nature of competition. Information in many organizations is becoming a key resource, and information processing is a matter of strategic importance. Most organizations will not be able to compete successfully until they offer their customers the level of service that is only possible with high technology systems.

Management Information System - it is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization.

The management information system, in general, consists of four subsystems:

transaction processing systems;
management reporting systems;
office information system;
decision support systems;
manager's information system;
expert system;
artificial intelligence.

Information systems are used by organizations for various purposes. They improve productivity by helping you get the job done better, faster and cheaper, functional efficiency by helping you best solutions. Information systems improve the quality of services provided to customers and customers, help create and improve products. They allow you to retain customers and alienate competitors, change the basis of competition by changing such components as price, costs, quality.

List of sources used

1. Ustinova G. M. Management information systems / Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "DiaSoft UP", 2000. - 368 p.
2. Computer science. Basic course / Simonovich S. V. and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 640 p.
3. Simonovich S., Evseev G., Alekseev A. General informatics. – M.: AST-Press, 1998. – 592 p.

Abstract on the topic “Management Information Systems” updated: April 17, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Information systems designed to provide managers with information to support effective decision making are called management information systems (MIS). The concept of management information systems arose in the 1960s and became the watchword of almost all attempts to introduce computer technology and the theory of data processing systems in organizations. At that time, it became apparent that computers, as applied to solving business problems, were almost entirely focused on automating accounting tasks. The concept of management information systems was developed to counteract this inefficient use of computers. Despite early setbacks, the MIS concept is still seen as viable and effective for two main reasons:

* It emphasizes the business orientation of information technology management. The main purpose of computer information systems should be to support managerial decision-making, and not just to present data received from production information systems.

* She emphasizes that the system should be used to create applied information systems. Information technology business applications should be viewed as interdependent and interconnected computer information systems and not as independent data processing workstations.

Providing information and supporting the adoption of managerial decisions at all levels of management is a difficult task. Several basic types of information systems are needed to support basic management functions.

The most important for us are three main types of management information systems: reporting systems, decision support systems, strategic decision support systems.

3.2.1. Report generation systems

Report generation systems ( IRS information reporting systems) is the most common form of management information systems. They provide management end users with the information they need to meet their daily decision-making needs. They produce and design different kinds reports, the information content of which is determined in advance by the managers themselves so that they contain only the information they need. Report generation systems select the necessary information about the processes within the company from databases prepared by production information systems and information about the environment from external sources.

The results of the report generation systems can be provided to the manager on demand, periodically or in connection with an event.

3.2.2. Decision support systems

Decision support systems ( decision support systems DSS) is a natural evolution of reporting systems and transaction processing systems. Decision support systems are interactive, computer-based information systems that use decision models and specialized databases to assist managers in making managerial decisions. Thus, they are different from transaction processing systems, which are designed to collect raw data. They also differ from reporting systems, which focus on providing managers with specific information.

Instead, decision support systems provide management end users with information online and only on demand. DSS provides managers with analytical modeling capabilities, flexible tools for finding the necessary data, and a wealth of forms for diverse presentation of information. Managers deal with the information needed to make less structured decisions interactively. For example, spreadsheets or other types of decision support software allow the manager to ask a series of “what if?” questions. and get interactive answers to them.

Thus, the information generated by DSS is different from the pre-formulated reporting forms obtained from reporting systems. When using DSS, managers explore possible alternatives and obtain tentative information based on sets of alternative assumptions. Hence, there is no need for managers to determine their information needs in advance. Instead, DSS interactively helps them find the information they need.

3.2.3. Strategic Decision Support Systems

Strategic Decision Support Systems ( executive information systems EIS) - management information systems adapted to the strategic information needs of top management. Senior management obtains the information it needs from many sources, including letters, records, periodicals and reports prepared by hand and computer systems. Other sources of strategic information are meetings, phone calls and social activities. Thus, most of the information comes from non-computer sources.

The purpose of strategic decision support computer systems is to provide senior management with immediate and free access to information regarding key factors that are critical in realizing the firm's strategic goals. Therefore, EIS should be easy to operate and understand. They provide access to a variety of internal and external bases data actively using a graphical representation of the data.

This might be of interest (selected paragraphs):
- The use of Internet networks in solving management problems.
- Automation of institutional activities
-

Information systems in enterprise management

Management information system is a set of information, technical, software, other technological means and specialists, as well as designed for information processing and management decision-making.

The main component of an automated information system is information technology (IT), the development of which is closely related to the development and functioning of IS.

Information technology (IT) is the process of registering, transferring, accumulating and processing information based on software and hardware to solve the management problems of an economic entity.

The main goal of automated information technology is to obtain information of a new quality through the processing of primary data, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed.

Automated information systems for information technology is the main environment, the constituent elements of which are the means and methods for data transformation.

1. At small enterprises in various fields of activity, information technology, as a rule, is associated with solving accounting problems, accumulating information on certain types of business processes, creating information databases on the direction of the company's activities and organizing a telecommunications environment for connecting users with each other and with others. enterprises and organizations.

2. In medium-sized organizations (enterprises), the functioning of electronic document management and linking it to specific business processes. Such organizations (enterprises, firms) are characterized by the expansion of the range of functional tasks to be solved related to the activities of the company, the organization of automated storages and archives of information that allow the accumulation of documents in various formats, suggest the presence of their structuring, search capabilities, information protection from unauthorized access, etc. d.

Advantages of manual (paper) systems:

ease of implementation of existing solutions;

they are easy to understand and require a minimum of training to master them;

no technical skills required;

they are usually flexible and adaptable to suit business processes.

in an automated information system, it becomes possible to holistically and comprehensively present everything that happens to an organization, since all economic factors and resources are displayed in a single information form in the form of data.

The process of making managerial decisions is considered as the main type of managerial activity, i.e. as a set of interrelated, purposeful and consistent managerial actions that ensure the implementation of managerial tasks. Efficiency of managerial decision-making in the conditions of functioning of information technologies in organizations various types due to the use of various tools for analyzing the financial and economic activities of enterprises.

It is possible to single out four circles of tasks solved by the firm.

1. The first circle of tasks is focused on providing economic information to users external to the company - investors, tax authorities, etc.

2. The second circle is related to the tasks of analysis designed to develop strategic management decisions for business development.

3. The third circle of analysis tasks is focused on the development of tactical solutions.

4. The fourth circle of tasks is connected with the tasks of operational management of the economic object in accordance with the functional subsystems of the economic object.

Usually, three levels are distinguished in control systems: strategic, tactical and operational.

I. The strategic level is focused on senior managers. The main objectives of the strategic management level are:

determination of the system of priorities for the development of the organization;

Evaluation of promising directions for the development of the organization;

selection and evaluation of the necessary resources to achieve the goals.

II. The tactical level of decision-making is based on automated data processing and the implementation of models that help solve individual, mostly loosely structured tasks. The main goals of the tactical level of leadership include:

Ensuring the sustainable functioning of the organization as a whole;

· capacity building for the development of the organization;

· Creation and adjustment of basic work plans and schedules for the implementation of orders based on the potential accumulated in the process of development of the organization.

III. The operational (operational) level of decision-making is the basis of all automated information technologies. At this level, a huge number of current routine operations are performed to solve various functional tasks of an economic object. At the same time, the most important priorities for operational management include:

· making a profit through the implementation of pre-planned activities using the accumulated potential;

registration, accumulation and analysis of deviations in the course of production from the planned;

· development and implementation of solutions to eliminate or minimize undesirable deviations.

2. Characteristics of enterprise management automation systems.

2.1. entry level systems.

Entry-level systems are widespread among small businesses that successfully use them in their daily activities. A distinctive feature of such information systems is the limited coverage of the business processes of the enterprise.

Software products of this class can differ greatly from each other in their intended purpose: this includes both accounting, warehouse and trading systems. But, nevertheless, these systems have many common features: low demands on allocated resources. Systems of this class can work under the control of modern industrial DBMS, however, they can also be used in small enterprises. The number of possible users of such a system ranges from 1 to several dozen.

It is understood that the user can purchase, install and start operation on their own, however, developers are trying to make programs with the widest possible capabilities, which allows such systems to be integrated with other systems of this and higher classes.

2.2. Midrange systems.

The emergence of mid-level systems is due to the need for a software product with more features than entry-level systems. Thus, some manufacturers based on modern ways and development tools have created ready-made solutions for a fairly wide range of enterprise needs. Such systems usually include the following subsystems:

Accounting

Production Management

logistics and sales

planning

production.

Despite the ability of such systems to keep records in almost all areas of the enterprise, some subsystems are implemented in them in a very truncated form. However, the number of different settings for such a system reaches a significant number, which leads the consumer to be unable to install the product himself. Often, most of the cost of a mid-level software product is services for installing and configuring the system, after-sales service. The high cost of such systems makes them inaccessible to small firms.

An important disadvantage similar system is that the success of the implementation of the middle-level system largely depends on the quality of the analysis of the enterprise's activities.

2.3. Top class systems.

Modern versions of systems top level provide planning and management of all resources of the organization. The number of different settings reaches tens of thousands. However, the cost of implementing such a system also increases at the same time.

You should also take into account the following set of disadvantages that arise when such a system is put into operation:

external consultants may be required, which will lead to a significant increase in costs;

the implementation of a complex system often requires some reorganization of activities;

it is necessary to have a special unit that would reconfigure the system to meet the requirements of the business.

On the other hand, the leaders of the organization and its staff receive an excellent tool to plan and manage production.

3. Selection, implementation and operation of the system

3.1. The problem of choosing an information system.

Describe business practices and the actions to be taken as a result of their application.

If necessary, change these methods so that they provide more efficient work and integration of the new system.

Describe the organizational structure and think about how it best meets the goals of the enterprise.

To study the most effective methods used in the industry.

Ensure the creation of the necessary technical infrastructure:

Have relevant professionals assess the current infrastructure based on the requirements new system. Determine the role of the information systems department and consider how it will change in the new environment.

Use the documents you receive to ensure that the features implemented meet your needs.

Manage change by adapting to employees:

Make changes gradually, keeping in mind that employees can only absorb a certain amount of information at a time.

Involve all those who play a major role in the implementation of the project from the very beginning. Good way To achieve this is to ask them to give their opinion in the process of detailed definition of business needs.

Communicate regularly with such employees, giving them the opportunity to be heard.

Develop a learning plan in such a way that people not only learn how to enter data into the system, but understand how their work will change.

After the measures taken, you can proceed directly to the implementation of the system. The typical implementation plan used by firms consists of the following steps:

· Preliminary examination and assessment of the company's condition.

· Preliminary training.

Feasibility study (cost-effect analysis)

Organization of the project (appointment of responsible persons, composition of committees)

Develop goals (what we expect from the project)

Terms of reference for process management

Initial retraining (retraining of employees)

· Planning and management top level

· Data management

· Software

Experienced example

Getting results

Analysis of the current state

4. Overview existing systems(transfer).

It is not by chance that I have chosen the following systems for overview. All these systems belong to the MRPII/ERP class and are leaders in the international and, in particular, the Russian market.

4.1 R\3 from SAP AG

Today, SAP is the leading independent business application vendor with a 36% share of this software market. More than 100 SAP systems have been installed in Russia, and the company spent more than 6 million German marks on the localization of R\2 and R\3 systems.

System description:

Main modules:

financial accounting

management of material flows

· Maintenance and equipment repair

selling, shipping, invoicing

project system

management, planning and control of fixed assets

· personnel Management.

The R\3 base system provides a set functionality for solving organizational and economic problems, including flexible production, planning production capacity and maintenance of the enterprise, the sales system, the acceptance and execution of orders in the conditions of the existence of various currencies, languages, and other features, planning and implementation of transport operations.

4.2 Oracle Applications by Oracle

It is a set of more than 35 integrated applications, which include:

applications for financial management

Applications for material flow management

applications for production management

project management applications

applications for personnel management

applications for marketing management

Data software modules to automate all aspects of the enterprise.

4.3 BAAN IV by BAAN

The BAAN IV base system was created for the comprehensive support of the enterprise management system. All subsystems are configured for specific procedures and management tasks. The most important thing in the system is its flexibility and functional content.

The composition of the basic BAAN IV system:

software tools

· production

sales, supply, warehouses

finance

· transport

organizer

The undoubted advantage of the system is that it can be easily adapted to any user interface. Access to the system database is possible from any application programs.

BAAN software can be applied to a wide range of businesses, from medium to large.

4.4 IT Co. BOSS management system.

The functionality of the integrated integrated management system BOSS covers all the main business processes of the organization:

management and accounting

· personnel Management

logistics

marketing and sales

· Production Management

office work and document management.

The system consists of separate, completely independent and at the same time integrated products. This allows you to create an enterprise system in stages, starting with the functional unit, the automation of which is most relevant at the moment.

BOSS-CORPORATION is a full-scale financial and economic activity management system developed for large corporations and trade associations. Consists of four interacting subsystems (finance, logistics, marketing and personnel).

This system is distinguished by ease of setup and adaptation, openness of source materials, scalability, reliability, focus on the Russian specifics of accounting.

Conclusion

Despite the relative youth of the industry as such, it is already a well-established market, with leading brands and leading products.

At the moment, there is a fairly wide range of products designed to meet the most diverse needs of both small companies and giant companies. These software products fully cover all aspects of the activities of enterprises, from logistics, marketing, production, sales, to accounting and personnel management.

To solve certain problems experienced by an organization when moving to a new management information system or putting it into operation, a coping methodology has already been developed that makes it relatively easy to implement IT.

The market economy leads to an increase in the volume and complexity of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers of products, the operational management of which is impossible without the organization of a modern automated information system (IS).

Management Information System - a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, other technological tools and specialists, designed to process information and make management decisions.

The management information system should solve the current problems of strategic and tactical planning, accounting and operational management of the company. by secondary data processing operational management. Management information systems allow:

increase the degree of validity of decisions made through the rapid collection, transmission and processing of information;

ensure the timeliness of decision-making on the management of the organization in a market economy;

to achieve growth in management efficiency through the timely provision of the necessary information to managers of all levels of management from a single information fund;

coordinate decisions made at various levels of management and in different structural divisions;

due to the awareness of management personnel about the current state of the economic object, ensure the growth of labor productivity, reduce non-production losses, etc.

Classification of information management systems

Main classification features of automated information systems are:

level in the system government controlled; area of operation of the economic entity;

types of management processes;

degree of automation of information processes.

IC of federal significance

Territorial (regional) IP

Municipal IP function in local governments to provide information services to specialists and ensure the processing of economic, social and economic forecasts, local budgets, control and regulation of the activities of all parts of the socio-economic regions of the city, administrative district, etc.

2. Classification according to the area of operation of an economic object is focused on the production and economic activities of enterprises and organizations of various types.

industry and agriculture, transport, communications, banking IS, etc.

3. By types of management processes, IS are divided into : Process Control ICs designed to automate various technological processes (flexible technological processes, energy, etc.).

IS management of organizational and technological processes are multi-level, hierarchical systems that combine process control IS and enterprise management IS.

The most widespread Organizational management IS , which are designed to automate the functions of managerial personnel. Considering the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, various information systems are often understood in this interpretation. This class of IS includes management information systems for both industrial firms and non-industrial economic entities - service enterprises. The main functions of such systems are operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management, and solving other economic and organizational problems.

Integrated ICs are designed to automate all the functions of managing a company and cover the entire cycle of functioning of an economic object: from research, design, manufacture, production and marketing of products to analysis of the operation of the product.

Corporate IP are used to automate all management functions of a firm or corporation that has territorial disunity between divisions, branches, departments, offices, etc.

Research IP provide a solution to research problems based on economic and mathematical methods and models.

Educational ICs are used for training specialists in the education system, for retraining and advanced training of workers in various sectors of the economy.

4. According to the degree of automation of information processes, information systems are divided into:

Manual information systems , which are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and the performance of all operations by a person according to previously developed methods.

Automated information systems - human-machine systems that provide automated collection, processing and transmission of information necessary for making managerial decisions in organizations of various types.

Automatic information systems are characterized by the performance of all information processing operations automatically, without human intervention, but leave control functions to the person.

The main component of an automated information system is information technology (IT), the development of which is closely related to the development and operation of IS.

Information technology (IT)- a process that uses a set of methods and means for implementing the operations of collecting, registering, transmitting, accumulating and processing information on the basis of software and hardware to solve a number of (managerial) tasks of an economic entity.

The main goal of automated information technology is to obtain information of a new quality through the processing of primary data, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed. This is achieved through the integration of information, ensuring its relevance and consistency, the use of modern technical means for the introduction and operation of qualitatively new forms of information support for the activities of the management apparatus.

Information technology is designed to analyze the increasing volumes of processed information, which leads to a reduction in the time it takes to process it. IT is the most important component of the process of using information resources in management. Automated information systems for information technology is the main environment, the constituent elements of which are the means and methods for data transformation. Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations on information circulating in IS, and depends on many factors that are systematized according to the following classification criteria (Figure 1):

the degree of centralization of the technological process;

type of subject area;

degree of coverage of management tasks;

class of implemented technological operations;

user interface type;

way to build a network.

By degree of centralization technological process IT in control systems is divided into centralized, decentralized and combined technologies:

Centralized technologies are characterized by the fact that the processing of information and the solution of the main functional tasks of the economic object are carried out in the IT processing center - the central server of the computer network organized at the enterprise or in the left or territorial information and computing center.

Decentralized technologies are based on the local application of computer technology installed at users' workplaces to solve a specific task of a specialist. Decentralized technologies do not have a centralized automated data storage, but provide users with communication tools for exchanging data between network nodes.

Combined Technologies are characterized by the integration of processes for solving functional problems in the field using joint databases and the concentration of all system information in an automated data bank.

2. Domain type allocates functional classes of tasks of the corresponding enterprises and organizations, the solution of which is carried out using modern automated information technology. These include the tasks of accounting and auditing, banking, insurance and tax activities, etc.

3. By degree of coverage of management tasks by automated information technology allocate automated processing of information based on the use of computer technology, automation of management functions, decision support information technology, which involve the use of economic and mathematical methods, models and specialized software packages for analytical work and forecasting, drawing up business plans, reasonable estimates and conclusions on the studied processes. This classification group also includes the organization of an electronic office as a software and hardware complex for automating and solving office tasks, as well as expert support based on the use of expert systems and knowledge bases of a specific subject area.

4. By classes of implemented technological operations IT is considered in accordance with the solution of problems of an applied nature and the available application software, such as text and graphic editors, spreadsheet processors, database management systems (DBMS), systems for processing statistical and sociological information, multimedia systems, hypertext systems, etc.

5. By user interface type automated information technologies are subdivided depending on the user's access to information, computing and software resources, corresponding to the automated IT economic object used. Batch information technology does not provide the user with the opportunity to influence data processing, while the interactive technology allows him to interact with computing facilities in an interactive mode, quickly receiving information for making managerial decisions.

The interface of the network automated information technology provides the user with telecommunication means of access to geographically remote information and computing resources.

6. Network building method depends on the requirements of the administrative apparatus for the efficiency of information exchange and management of all structural divisions of the company. Increasing requests for the efficiency of information in the management of an economic object leads to the creation of network technologies that develop in accordance with the requirements of modern conditions for the functioning of an organization, which entails the organization of not only local computing systems, but multi-level (hierarchical) and distributed information technologies in organizational management IS. All of them are focused on technological interaction, which is organized through the means of transmission, processing, accumulation, storage and protection of information.

Management Information System - a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, other technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making managerial decisions.

Management information systems allow:

To increase the degree of validity of decisions made through the rapid collection, transmission and processing of information;

Ensure the timeliness of decision-making on the management of the organization in a market economy;

Achieve growth in management efficiency through the timely provision of the necessary information to managers of all levels of management from a single information fund;

Coordinate decisions made at various levels of management and in different structural divisions;

Due to the awareness of managerial personnel about the current state of the economic object, ensure the growth of labor productivity, reduce non-production losses, etc.

The main classification features of automated information systems are:

Level in the public administration system;

Area of functioning of the economic object;

Types of management processes;

The degree of automation of information processes.

In accordance with the sign of classification by the level of state administration, automated information systems are divided into federal, territorial (regional) and municipal IS, which are information systems of a high hierarchy level in management.

IC of federal significance solve the problems of information service of the administration apparatus and function in all regions of the country.

Territorial (regional) IP designed to solve information problems of managing administrative-territorial facilities located in a specific territory.

2. Features of information technology in organizations of various types

Information technology is the main component of the information system of organizational management, is directly related to the characteristics of the functioning of an enterprise or organization.

The choice of strategy for organizing automated information technology is determined by the following factors:

The area of operation of the enterprise or organization;

Type of enterprise or organization;

Production and economic or other activities;

The adopted management model of the organization or enterprise;

New tasks in management;

Existing information infrastructure, etc.

The fundamental factor for building information technology is the area of operation of an economic object, according to which organizations can be divided into groups presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Types of enterprises and organizations

Organizations (enterprises) can be divided into three groups - small, medium and large (large).

1. At small enterprises of various fields of activity, information technologies, as a rule, are associated with solving accounting problems, accumulating information on certain types of business processes, creating information databases on the direction of the company's activities and organizing a telecommunications environment for connecting users with each other and with other enterprises and organizations.

2. In medium-sized organizations (enterprises), the functioning of electronic document management and its linking to specific business processes are of great importance for the managerial level. Such organizations (enterprises, firms) are characterized by the expansion of the range of functional tasks to be solved related to the activities of the company, the organization of automated storages and archives of information that allow the accumulation of documents in various formats, suggest the presence of their structuring, search capabilities, information protection from unauthorized access, etc. e. The possibilities of various forms of organization of storage and use of data are being increased: access control, expansion of search tools, storage hierarchy, classification, etc.

3. In large organizations (enterprises), information technology is built on the basis of a modern software and hardware complex, including telecommunications, multi-machine systems, a developed client-server architecture, and the use of high-speed corporate computer networks. The corporate information technology of a large enterprise, as a rule, has a three-level hierarchical structure organized in accordance with the structure of geographically dispersed divisions of the enterprise: the central server of the system is installed in the central office, local servers - in divisions and branches, client stations organized in local area networks of the structural unit , branch or department - from the company's staff.